The document contains slides from a lecture on fungi. The slides cover various topics about fungi, including their phylogenetic diversity, forms, and life cycles. Key points include that fungi have chitin in their cell walls, absorb nutrients from outside their bodies, and can have both single-celled and multicellular stages. The slides also discuss the different life cycles of groups like chytrids, which have flagellated spores and gametes to aid dispersal.
1. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
BIS2C
Biodiversity & the Tree of Life
Spring 2020
Lecture 22:
Fungi Part 1
Prof. Jonathan Eisen
2. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
YAHIMY - Yet another hummingbird in my yard
3. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Blue Grosbeak in rural Davis
4. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Tricolored blackbird (endangered) in Woodland
5. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Beaver at Yolo Bypass
6. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Pacific Slope Flycatcher at Yolo Bypass
7. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Copper butterfly at Yolo Bypass
8. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
River otter at Yolo Bypass
9. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Bullock’s Oriole at Yolo Bypass
10. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Swainson’s Hawk
11. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
White tailed Kite
12. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Something from the Lorax
13. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Baby Virginia Rails
14. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Baby Virginia Rails
15. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
!Lecture 21: Plants
!Lecture 22: Fungi 1
!Lecture 23: Fungi 2
Lecture 22 Context
16. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2019
Learning Goals
• Understand key innovations that distinguish
fungi from other organisms and distinguish
the groups of fungi from each other
• Understand and be able to compare and
contrast main features of growth, cellular
structures and life cycles seen in fungi
17. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Lecture 22 Outline
• Fungi
!Introduction and general features
!Phylogenetic diversity
!Diversity of form
!Diversity of life cycles
18. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Lecture 22 Outline
• Fungi
!Introduction and general features
!Phylogenetic diversity
!Diversity of form
!Diversity of life cycles
19. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fungi Introduction
Fungi are
Diverse
20. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fungi: What are They?
21. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fungi are Eukaryotes
Fungi: What are They?
22. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Opisthokonts
Fungi are Opisthokonts
Fungi: What are They?
23. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fungi: What are They?
24. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
More on
Opisthokonts
on Wednesday
next week
Fungi: What are They?
25. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
More on
Opisthokonts
on Wednesday
next week
Fungi: What are They?
26. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
More on
Opisthokonts
on Wednesday
next week
Fungi: What are They?
Today,
Tomorrow
Focus on Fungi
27. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fungi Are Important
28. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Importance of Fungi I: Food
29. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• Grows naturally on many
fruits (e.g., grapes)
• Also known as Brewer’s
yeast and budding yeast
Sugars ---> Acetaldehyde + CO2 --> Ethanol
30. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Penicillium camemberti
• Penicillium
camemberti
• Used in
production of Brie
and Camembert
cheeses
31. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Penicillium roqueforti
• Penicillium roqueforti
• Used in production of
blue cheeses
32. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Other fungi used in food/ food production?
33. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fungal cultivation by animals
Fungal cultivation by animals Termites
Leaf cutter ants
Snails
Ambrosia beetles
46. Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Staphylococcus “lawn”
with mold growing on it.
Bacteria around mold
dead.
Returned to lab September 3, 1928
50. Coming Soon …
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
We need
more
antibiotics
51. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Importance of Fungi: Other
52. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Many Important Fungal Symbioses
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
53. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Many Important Fungal Symbioses
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
Lecture 23
54. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fungal decomposition
• Decomposition of organic matter driven
largely by fungi
• Major contributors to recycling nutrients in
every ecosystem
55. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2019
Predatory Fungi
56. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fungal Key Features
57. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fungi Share
Many Features
in Common
Fungal Key Innovations
58. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fungi Share
Many Features
in Common
Fungal Key Innovations
59. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fungal Key Innovation 1 - Chitin in Cell Wall
• Chitin is a long polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (a
sugar similar to glucose)
• Found in the cell walls of fungi
• Also found in other taxa (i.e., not unique to fungi
but the way it is used in the cell wall is)
• Functions in cell walls of fungi in similar ways to
peptidoglycan of bacteria - protects cells, provides
rigid structure
Chitin
60. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fungal Key Innovation 2 - Absorptive Heterotrophy
• Digest food outside of self by secreting enzymes
to break down large food molecules
• Then absorb the breakdown products.
• Many are saprobic living off dead or decaying
organic matter (e.g., leaves, dead organisms)
Absorptive heterotrophy
61. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fungal Decomposition
62. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Lecture 22 Outline
• Fungi
!Introduction and general features
!Phylogenetic diversity
!Diversity of form
!Diversity of life cycles
63. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
A Phylogeny of the Fungi
64. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
A Phylogeny of the Fungi
65. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
A Phylogeny of the Fungi
66. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Lecture 22 Outline
• Fungi
!Introduction and general features
!Phylogenetic diversity
!Diversity of form
!Diversity of life cycles
67. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Many fungi are single celled some or all of the time
Yeasts
Microsporidia
Chytrids
68. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Many fungi are multicellular
• Hyphae cell walls have chitin.
• Hyphae allow high surface area to
volume ratio. Aids in absorption but
susceptible to drying.
• Hyphae with incomplete cross walls
are septate.
• Hyphae without septa are
coenocytic.
• Collections of hyphae = mycelia
Fruiting
Body
Vegetative
mycelia
Hyphae
69. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Mushroom growth
70. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Mycelia of single fungi can get very very very big
66
71. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Hyphae-like structures seen in many other taxa
72. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Stramenopiles: Oomcyetes
Phytophthora
Potato Late Blight
• Non-photosynthetic.
• Are absorptive heterotrophs
• Once were classed as fungi, but
are unrelated.
Sudden Oak Death
73. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
High-GC Gram Positives (Actinobacteria)
• High G+C/A+T ratio in DNA
• Elaborate branching
• Some reproduce by forming
chains of spores at tips of
filaments
• Most antibiotics are from this
group
• Causative agents of many
diseases such as
tuberculosis and leprosy
• Many originally misclassified
as fungi
74. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Amoebozoans: Plasmodial Slime Molds
• Individual motile cells can form single,
multinucleate cell (plasmodium)
• Ingest food by endocytosis
• Form spores on stalks called fruiting
bodies.
• Found in cool, moist habitats
75. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Lecture 22 Outline
• Fungi
!Introduction and general features
!Phylogenetic diversity
!Diversity of form
!Diversity of life cycles
76. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fungal Groups Distinguished in part by Life Cycles
77. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020Slide by Brian Moore for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
78. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020Slide by Brian Moore for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
79. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020Slide by Brian Moore for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
80. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020Slide by Brian Moore for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
81. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020Slide by Brian Moore for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
82. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Ic
Slide by Brian Moore for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Diplontic
83. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020Slide by Brian Moore for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Haplontic
85. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
SporicAlternation of generations
86. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
What You Will Need to Know About Fungal Life Cycles
87. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
What You Will Need to Know About Fungal Life Cycles
• What you will need to know about fungal
life cycles:
!Major differences between groups
!Transitions between ploidy levels (n, 2n,
n+n, other)
!Multicellular stages
!Possible advantages to life cycle
innovations
98. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Chytrids
Flagellated
spores
Flagellated
gametes
Single celled
chytrids skip
the
multicellular
stages
99. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Chytrids: Flagellated Spores & Gametes Aid Dispersal
100. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Thought question
The Chytrid Life cycle could be described as
which of the following:
A. Diplontic
B. Haplontic
C. Alternation of generations
D. A or B
E. B or C
101. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Thought question
The Chytrid Life cycle could be described as
which of the following:
A. Diplontic
B. Haplontic
C. Alternation of generations
D. A or B
E. B or C
102. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
SporicAlternation of generations
103. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Innovation - Decoupling Plasmogamy & Karyogamy
104. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020Slide by Brian Moore for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
105. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fertilization
106. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fertilization
n n
Haploid Gametes
107. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fertilization
n n
FertilizationHaploid Gametes
108. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fertilization
n n
Fertilization
nn
Haploid Gametes Diploid Zygote
109. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fertilization
n n
FertilizationHaploid Gametes Diploid Zygote
2n
110. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fertilization
n
FertilizationHaploid Gametes Diploid Zygote
2n
Egg Sperm
111. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fertilization
n n
FertilizationHaploid Gametes Diploid Zygote
2n
Mating
Type A
Mating
Type B
112. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Fertilization Has Two Key Events
113. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
n n
Haploid Gametes
Fertilization Has Two Key Events
114. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
n n
FertilizationHaploid Gametes Zygote
Fertilization Has Two Key Events
nn
115. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
n n
Fertilization
Fusion of cells
Haploid Gametes Zygote
Fertilization Has Two Key Events
n n
nn
116. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
n n
Fertilization
Fusion of cells Fusion of nuclei
Haploid Gametes Zygote
Fertilization Has Two Key Events
n n
nn
117. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
n n
Fertilization
Fusion of cells Fusion of nuclei
Gamos: Greek for marriage
Haploid Gametes Zygote
Syngamy
Fertilization Has Two Key Events
n n
nn
118. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
n n
Fertilization
Fusion of cells Fusion of nuclei
Gamos: Greek for marriage
Plasma (i.e., plasma membrane)
Haploid Gametes Zygote
Syngamy
Fertilization Has Two Key Events
n n
nn
Plasmogamy
119. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
n n
Fertilization
Fusion of cells Fusion of nuclei
Gamos: Greek for marriage
Plasma (i.e., plasma membrane)
Karyo (i.e. eukaryote = nucleus)
Haploid Gametes Zygote
Syngamy
Fertilization Has Two Key Events
n n
nn
Plasmogamy Karyogamy
120. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
n n
Fertilization
Fusion of cells Fusion of nuclei
Gamos: Greek for marriage
Plasma (i.e., plasma membrane)
Karyo (i.e. eukaryote = nucleus)
Haploid Gametes Zygote
Syngamy
Fertilization Has Two Key Events
n n
nn
Plasmogamy Karyogamy
Key Fungal Innovation:
Decoupling of
Plasmogamy and
Karyogamy
121. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Innovation - Decoupling Plasmogamy & Karyogamy
122. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Life Cycle of a Zygospore Fungus
123. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
!Lecture 21: Plants
!Lecture 22: Fungi 1
!Lecture 23: Fungi 2
Lecture 22 Context