1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 38 Community and Ecosystem Ecology

2. A Community Contains Several Interacting Populations in the Same Locale 38-

4. Figure 38.1A Competition only occurs between two species of Paramecium when they are grown together 38-

5. Figure 38.1B Character displacement occurs in finches when they coexist, compared to when they exist separately 38-

6. Figure 38.1C Niche specialization occurs among five species of coexisting warblers 38-

7. Figure 38.1D Competition occurs between two species of barnacles 38-

11. Figure 38.2B Antipredator defenses 38-

12. Figure 38.2C Mimicry: All of these insects have the same coloration 38-

14. 38-

16. Figure 38.4 A clownfish living among a sea anemone’s tentacles 38-

18. Figure 38.5 Social parasitism in the cuckoo 38-

20. Figure 38.6A Clark’s nutcrackers store and disperse the seeds of whitebark pine trees 38-

21. Figure 38.6B Cleaning symbiosis occurs when small fish clean large fish 38-

22. A Community Develops and Changes Over Time 38-

24. Figure 38.7A Island distance from mainland and rate of species migration 38-

25. Figure 38.7B Island size and rate of species extinction 38-

26. Figure 38.7C Equilibrium model of species richness 38-

28. Figure 38.8A Secondary succession in a conifer plantation 38-

30. Figure 38.8B Secondary succession in a cultivated cornfield 38-

31. An Ecosystem Is a Community Interacting with the Physical Environment 38-

34. Figure 38.9 Niche specifications of plants compared to animals 38-

36. Figure 38.10A Energy flow and chemical cycling in an ecosystem 38-

37. Figure 38.10B Energy balances for an herbivore 38-

39. Figure 38.11 Grazing food web ( top ) and detrital food web ( bottom ) 38-

41. Figure 38.12 Ecological pyramid based on the biomass content of bog populations could also be used to represent an energy pyramid 38-

43. Figure 38.13 Model for chemical cycling 38-

45. Figure 38.14 The phosphorus cycle 38-

47. Figure 38.15 The nitrogen cycle 38-