Chapter 13 How Populations Evolve

Chapter 13 How Populations Evolve 0

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0

[object Object],[object Object],0

DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 13.1A

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0

[object Object],[object Object],0 North America Europe Great Britain Africa Equator Asia Australia Tasmania New Zealand PACIFIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN The Galápagos Islands South America Tierra del Fuego Cape Horn Cape of Good Hope Andes Pinta Marchena Genovesa Equator Santiago Isabela Fernandina Florenza Española San Cristobal Santa Cruz Santa Fe Pinzón Daphne Islands 40 miles 40 km 0 0 Figure 13.1B

[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 13.2A Hundreds to thousands of years of breeding (artificial selection) Ancestral dog (wolf) Figure 13.2B

[object Object],[object Object],0 Thousands to millions of years of natural selection Ancestral canine African wild dog Coyote Wolf Fox Jackal Figure 13.2C

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 A Skull of Homo erectus D Dinosaur tracks C Ammonite casts B Petrified tree E Fossilized organic matter of a leaf G “Ice Man” Figure 13.3A–G F Insect in amber

[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 13.3H

[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 13.3I

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0

[object Object],[object Object],0 Human Cat Whale Bat Figure 13.4A

[object Object],[object Object],0 Post-anal tail Pharyngeal pouches Chick embryo Human embryo Figure 13.4B

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Table 13.4

CONNECTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 A flower mantid in Malaysia A leaf mantid in Costa Rica Figure 13.5A

[object Object],[object Object],0 Pesticide application Survivor Chromosome with gene conferring resistance to pesticide Additional applications of the same pesticide will be less effective, and the frequency of resistant insects in the population will grow Figure 13.5B

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],POPULATION GENETICS AND THE MODERN SYNTHESIS 0

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Webbing No webbing Figure 13.7A

[object Object],[object Object],0 Phenotypes Genotypes WW Ww ww Number of animals (total  500) 320 160 20 320 500 Genotype frequencies  0.64 160 500  0.32 20 500  0.04 Number of alleles in gene pool (total  1,000) Allele frequencies 800 1,000  0.8 W  0.2 w 640 W 160 W  160 w 40 w Figure 13.7B 200 1,000

[object Object],[object Object],0 Recombination of alleles from parent generation EGGS Genotype frequencies Allele frequencies 0.64 WW 0.32 Ww 0.04 ww 0.8 W 0.2 w Next generation: W egg p  0.8 w egg q  0.2 W sperm p  0.8 w sperm q  0.2 SPERM WW p 2  0.64 Ww pq  0.16 wW qp  0.16 ww q 2  0.04 Figure 13.7C

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],CONNECTION 0

[object Object],[object Object],0 Original population Bottlenecking event Surviving population Figure 13.9A Figure 13.9B

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],CONNECTION 0 Figure 13.10

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],VARIATION AND NATURAL SELECTION 0 Figure 13.11

[object Object],[object Object],0 A 1 A 2 A 1 A 3 A 1 A 1 A 2 A 3 A 2 A 1 A 3 and X Parents Meiosis Gametes Fertilization Offspring, with new combinations of alleles Figure 13.12

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],CONNECTION 0 Colorized SEM 5,600  Figure 13.13

[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 13.14

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0

[object Object],0 Original population Stabilizing selection Original population Evolved population Frequency of individuals Phenotypes (fur color) Directional selection Disruptive selection Figure 13.16

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 13.17A Figure 13.17B

Chapter 13 How Populations Evolve

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Chapter 13 How Populations Evolve