Draft/Preliminary Research Notes 2008/2009 - Pre 1945 to Post Reformasi. Compiled by Enin Supriyanto.

2. Contemporary Art, Politics and Cultural Policies in Indonesia
(Pre-1945 to Post-Reformasi)
Draft/Preliminary Research Notes—2008/2009
by Enin Supriyanto
© 2009 —goodbyenin@gmail.com

3. the birth of nationalism

4. the birth of nationalism
1908
Budi Oetomo (BO)
formed by students of STOVIA in
Batavia (Jakarta now)—known
by the name "Sekolah Dokter
Jawa" among Indonesians—is
the first Indonesian youth
organization with the biggest
members/supporters. In their
meetings and publication, they
introduced the idea of
"modernization and progress for
the Javanese people", a form
'proto-Nationalism'.
Later on, some members wanted
to push the idea further,
emphasized the idea of "progress
of Indies people as a nation".
They believe that to achieve that
they need political education and
organization for the people.
They established the first
political party: Indische Partij
(December 1912).

5. 1917
Balai Poestaka
Publishing house,
disseminating
Bahasa Melayu/Indonesia
in school books
and literature.
the birth of nationalism
1908
Budi Oetomo (BO)
formed by students of STOVIA in
Batavia (Jakarta now)—known
by the name "Sekolah Dokter
Jawa" among Indonesians—is
the first Indonesian youth
organization with the biggest
members/supporters. In their
meetings and publication, they
introduced the idea of
"modernization and progress for
the Javanese people", a form
'proto-Nationalism'.
Later on, some members wanted
to push the idea further,
emphasized the idea of "progress
of Indies people as a nation".
They believe that to achieve that
they need political education and
organization for the people.
They established the first
political party: Indische Partij
(December 1912).

6. 1922
Taman Siswa
alternative schools system for
Indonesian established by Ki
Hadjar Dewantara in Jogja and
Jakarta. In this school the ideas of
Indonesian independence ,
nationalism were disseminated to
their pupils. Visual art was one of
the primary subject in their
program. S. Soedjojono was
studied and then taught in TS in
Jakarta.
1926—INS Kayu Tanam
(Indonesche Nederlandsche
1917 School)
Balai Poestaka similar to Taman Siswa, a school
Publishing house, established by Mohamad Syafei in
disseminating Kayutanam, a village nearby
Bahasa Melayu/Indonesia Bukittinggi, West Sumatra.
in school books Wakidi, one of Indonesia’s famous
and literature. landscape painter taught here.
the birth of nationalism
1908
Budi Oetomo (BO)
formed by students of STOVIA in
Batavia (Jakarta now)—known
by the name "Sekolah Dokter
Jawa" among Indonesians—is
the first Indonesian youth
organization with the biggest
members/supporters. In their
meetings and publication, they
introduced the idea of
"modernization and progress for
the Javanese people", a form
'proto-Nationalism'.
Later on, some members wanted
to push the idea further,
emphasized the idea of "progress
of Indies people as a nation".
They believe that to achieve that
they need political education and
organization for the people.
They established the first
political party: Indische Partij
(December 1912).

7. 1922
Taman Siswa
alternative schools system for
Indonesian established by Ki
Hadjar Dewantara in Jogja and
Jakarta. In this school the ideas of
Indonesian independence ,
nationalism were disseminated to
their pupils. Visual art was one of
the primary subject in their
program. S. Soedjojono was
studied and then taught in TS in
Jakarta.
1926—INS Kayu Tanam
(Indonesche Nederlandsche
1917 School)
Balai Poestaka similar to Taman Siswa, a school
Publishing house, established by Mohamad Syafei in
disseminating Kayutanam, a village nearby
Bahasa Melayu/Indonesia Bukittinggi, West Sumatra.
in school books Wakidi, one of Indonesia’s famous
and literature. landscape painter taught here.
the birth of nationalism
1908 1928
Budi Oetomo (BO) Sumpah Pemuda
(The Youth Oath:
formed by students of STOVIA in One Nation, One Homeland,
Batavia (Jakarta now)—known One Language)
by the name "Sekolah Dokter
Jawa" among Indonesians—is
the first Indonesian youth
organization with the biggest
members/supporters. In their
meetings and publication, they
introduced the idea of
"modernization and progress for
the Javanese people", a form
'proto-Nationalism'.
Later on, some members wanted
to push the idea further,
emphasized the idea of "progress
of Indies people as a nation".
They believe that to achieve that
they need political education and
organization for the people.
They established the first
political party: Indische Partij
(December 1912).

8. 1922
Taman Siswa
alternative schools system for
Indonesian established by Ki
Hadjar Dewantara in Jogja and
Jakarta. In this school the ideas of
Indonesian independence , 1930
nationalism were disseminated to Polemik Kebudayaan
their pupils. Visual art was one of (Great Cultural Debate
the primary subject in their on Indonesian modern
program. S. Soedjojono was cultural identity—
Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana,
studied and then taught in TS in Armijn Pane)
Jakarta.
1926—INS Kayu Tanam
(Indonesche Nederlandsche
1917 School)
Balai Poestaka similar to Taman Siswa, a school
Publishing house, established by Mohamad Syafei in
disseminating Kayutanam, a village nearby
Bahasa Melayu/Indonesia Bukittinggi, West Sumatra.
in school books Wakidi, one of Indonesia’s famous
and literature. landscape painter taught here.
the birth of nationalism
1908 1928
Budi Oetomo (BO) Sumpah Pemuda
(The Youth Oath:
formed by students of STOVIA in One Nation, One Homeland,
Batavia (Jakarta now)—known One Language)
by the name "Sekolah Dokter
Jawa" among Indonesians—is
the first Indonesian youth
organization with the biggest
members/supporters. In their
meetings and publication, they
introduced the idea of
"modernization and progress for
the Javanese people", a form
'proto-Nationalism'.
Later on, some members wanted
to push the idea further,
emphasized the idea of "progress
of Indies people as a nation".
They believe that to achieve that
they need political education and
organization for the people.
They established the first
political party: Indische Partij
(December 1912).

9. 1922
Taman Siswa
alternative schools system for
Indonesian established by Ki
Hadjar Dewantara in Jogja and
Jakarta. In this school the ideas of
Indonesian independence , 1930
nationalism were disseminated to Polemik Kebudayaan
their pupils. Visual art was one of (Great Cultural Debate
the primary subject in their on Indonesian modern
program. S. Soedjojono was cultural identity—
Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana,
studied and then taught in TS in Armijn Pane)
Jakarta.
1926—INS Kayu Tanam
(Indonesche Nederlandsche 1928-1930
1917 School) Kunstkring
Balai Poestaka similar to Taman Siswa, a school
Publishing house, established by Mohamad Syafei in Art Circle, Cultural Center,
Kayutanam, a village nearby established by
disseminating Dutch colonial government
Bahasa Melayu/Indonesia Bukittinggi, West Sumatra. in Jakarta, Bandung,
in school books Wakidi, one of Indonesia’s famous and other big cities
and literature. landscape painter taught here. in Java & Sumatera.
the birth of nationalism
1908 1928
Budi Oetomo (BO) Sumpah Pemuda
(The Youth Oath:
formed by students of STOVIA in One Nation, One Homeland,
Batavia (Jakarta now)—known One Language)
by the name "Sekolah Dokter
Jawa" among Indonesians—is
the first Indonesian youth
organization with the biggest
members/supporters. In their
meetings and publication, they
introduced the idea of
"modernization and progress for
the Javanese people", a form
'proto-Nationalism'.
Later on, some members wanted
to push the idea further,
emphasized the idea of "progress
of Indies people as a nation".
They believe that to achieve that
they need political education and
organization for the people.
They established the first
political party: Indische Partij
(December 1912).

10. 1922
Taman Siswa
alternative schools system for
Indonesian established by Ki
Hadjar Dewantara in Jogja and
Jakarta. In this school the ideas of
Indonesian independence , 1930
nationalism were disseminated to Polemik Kebudayaan
their pupils. Visual art was one of (Great Cultural Debate
the primary subject in their on Indonesian modern
program. S. Soedjojono was cultural identity—
Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana,
studied and then taught in TS in Armijn Pane)
Jakarta.
1936
Pita Maha
established in Ubud, Bali
1926—INS Kayu Tanam by Cokorda Gde Agung,
(Indonesche Nederlandsche 1928-1930 Walter Spies, Rudolf Bonnet
1917 School) Kunstkring
Balai Poestaka similar to Taman Siswa, a school
Publishing house, established by Mohamad Syafei in Art Circle, Cultural Center,
Kayutanam, a village nearby established by
disseminating Dutch colonial government
Bahasa Melayu/Indonesia Bukittinggi, West Sumatra. in Jakarta, Bandung,
in school books Wakidi, one of Indonesia’s famous and other big cities
and literature. landscape painter taught here. in Java & Sumatera.
the birth of nationalism
1908 1928
Budi Oetomo (BO) Sumpah Pemuda
(The Youth Oath:
formed by students of STOVIA in One Nation, One Homeland,
Batavia (Jakarta now)—known One Language)
by the name "Sekolah Dokter
Jawa" among Indonesians—is
the first Indonesian youth
organization with the biggest
members/supporters. In their
meetings and publication, they
introduced the idea of
"modernization and progress for
the Javanese people", a form
'proto-Nationalism'.
Later on, some members wanted
to push the idea further,
emphasized the idea of "progress
of Indies people as a nation".
They believe that to achieve that
they need political education and
organization for the people.
They established the first
political party: Indische Partij
(December 1912).

11. 1922
Taman Siswa
alternative schools system for
Indonesian established by Ki
Hadjar Dewantara in Jogja and
Jakarta. In this school the ideas of
Indonesian independence , 1930
nationalism were disseminated to Polemik Kebudayaan
their pupils. Visual art was one of (Great Cultural Debate
the primary subject in their on Indonesian modern
program. S. Soedjojono was cultural identity—
Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana,
studied and then taught in TS in Armijn Pane)
Jakarta.
1936
Pita Maha
established in Ubud, Bali
1926—INS Kayu Tanam by Cokorda Gde Agung,
(Indonesche Nederlandsche 1928-1930 Walter Spies, Rudolf Bonnet
1917 School) Kunstkring
Balai Poestaka similar to Taman Siswa, a school
Art Circle, Cultural Center, 1937 (1938?)
Publishing house, established by Mohamad Syafei in PERSAGI
Kayutanam, a village nearby established by
disseminating Dutch colonial government (Indonesian Drawing
Bahasa Melayu/Indonesia Bukittinggi, West Sumatra. in Jakarta, Bandung, Experts Assosiation
in school books Wakidi, one of Indonesia’s famous and other big cities Founder: S. Sudjojono, Agus Djaja)
and literature. landscape painter taught here. in Java & Sumatera.
the birth of nationalism
1908 1928
Budi Oetomo (BO) Sumpah Pemuda
(The Youth Oath:
formed by students of STOVIA in One Nation, One Homeland,
Batavia (Jakarta now)—known One Language)
by the name "Sekolah Dokter
Jawa" among Indonesians—is
the first Indonesian youth
organization with the biggest
members/supporters. In their
meetings and publication, they
introduced the idea of
"modernization and progress for
the Javanese people", a form
'proto-Nationalism'.
Later on, some members wanted
to push the idea further,
emphasized the idea of "progress
of Indies people as a nation".
They believe that to achieve that
they need political education and
organization for the people.
They established the first
political party: Indische Partij
(December 1912).

12. 1922
Taman Siswa
alternative schools system for
Indonesian established by Ki
Hadjar Dewantara in Jogja and
Jakarta. In this school the ideas of
Indonesian independence , 1930
nationalism were disseminated to Polemik Kebudayaan
their pupils. Visual art was one of (Great Cultural Debate
the primary subject in their on Indonesian modern
program. S. Soedjojono was cultural identity—
Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana,
studied and then taught in TS in Armijn Pane)
Jakarta.
1936
Pita Maha
established in Ubud, Bali
1926—INS Kayu Tanam by Cokorda Gde Agung,
(Indonesche Nederlandsche 1928-1930 Walter Spies, Rudolf Bonnet
1917 School) Kunstkring
Balai Poestaka similar to Taman Siswa, a school
Art Circle, Cultural Center, 1937 (1938?)
Publishing house, established by Mohamad Syafei in PERSAGI
Kayutanam, a village nearby established by
disseminating Dutch colonial government (Indonesian Drawing
Bahasa Melayu/Indonesia Bukittinggi, West Sumatra. in Jakarta, Bandung, Experts Assosiation
in school books Wakidi, one of Indonesia’s famous and other big cities Founder: S. Sudjojono, Agus Djaja)
and literature. landscape painter taught here. in Java & Sumatera.
the birth of nationalism
1908 1928
Sumpah Pemuda 1942-1945
Budi Oetomo (BO) Japanese Military Occupation/
(The Youth Oath:
formed by students of STOVIA in One Nation, One Homeland, Pacific War
Batavia (Jakarta now)—known One Language) 3 main institutions:
by the name "Sekolah Dokter
Jawa" among Indonesians—is
• Sendenbu (Office for propaganda and press)
the first Indonesian youth
organization with the biggest
• Keimin Bunka Shidosho (Cultural Center)—the
members/supporters. In their
main art and cultural center for writers, playwrights +
meetings and publication, they
theater, music, visual arts (painting)
introduced the idea of
"modernization and progress for
• Poetera (Center for People Forces)—led by Soekarno
the Javanese people", a form
(later Indonesian first president), with its own art and
'proto-Nationalism'.
cultural program.
Later on, some members wanted
S. Soedjojono, Affandi, and Agus Djaja were teachers
to push the idea further,
and trainers for young artists in the cultural center
emphasized the idea of "progress
studio (probably the first time the term Sanggar was
of Indies people as a nation".
used). Some of the young astists: Zaini, Derachman,
They believe that to achieve that
Trubus, M. Balfas, Nashar.)
they need political education and
organization for the people. 1942-1945
They established the first Gunseikanbu Kokumin Tosyokyoku
political party: Indische Partij Balai Pustaka during Japanese occupation
(December 1912).

13. 1922
Taman Siswa
alternative schools system for
Indonesian established by Ki
Hadjar Dewantara in Jogja and
Jakarta. In this school the ideas of
Indonesian independence , 1930
nationalism were disseminated to Polemik Kebudayaan
their pupils. Visual art was one of (Great Cultural Debate
the primary subject in their on Indonesian modern
program. S. Soedjojono was cultural identity—
Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana,
studied and then taught in TS in Armijn Pane)
Jakarta.
1936
Pita Maha
established in Ubud, Bali
1926—INS Kayu Tanam by Cokorda Gde Agung,
(Indonesche Nederlandsche 1928-1930 Walter Spies, Rudolf Bonnet
1917 School) Kunstkring
Balai Poestaka similar to Taman Siswa, a school
Art Circle, Cultural Center, 1937 (1938?)
Publishing house, established by Mohamad Syafei in PERSAGI
Kayutanam, a village nearby established by
disseminating Dutch colonial government (Indonesian Drawing
Bahasa Melayu/Indonesia Bukittinggi, West Sumatra. in Jakarta, Bandung, Experts Assosiation
in school books Wakidi, one of Indonesia’s famous and other big cities Founder: S. Sudjojono, Agus Djaja)
and literature. landscape painter taught here. in Java & Sumatera.
the birth of nationalism
1908 1928
Sumpah Pemuda 1942-1945 17 August 1945
Budi Oetomo (BO) Japanese Military Occupation/ The proclamation
(The Youth Oath:
formed by students of STOVIA in One Nation, One Homeland, Pacific War of the Independence:
Batavia (Jakarta now)—known One Language) Republic of Indonesia
3 main institutions:
by the name "Sekolah Dokter
Jawa" among Indonesians—is
• Sendenbu (Office for propaganda and press)
the first Indonesian youth
organization with the biggest
• Keimin Bunka Shidosho (Cultural Center)—the
members/supporters. In their
main art and cultural center for writers, playwrights +
meetings and publication, they
theater, music, visual arts (painting)
introduced the idea of
"modernization and progress for
• Poetera (Center for People Forces)—led by Soekarno
the Javanese people", a form
(later Indonesian first president), with its own art and
'proto-Nationalism'.
cultural program.
Later on, some members wanted
S. Soedjojono, Affandi, and Agus Djaja were teachers
to push the idea further,
and trainers for young artists in the cultural center
emphasized the idea of "progress
studio (probably the first time the term Sanggar was
of Indies people as a nation".
used). Some of the young astists: Zaini, Derachman,
They believe that to achieve that
Trubus, M. Balfas, Nashar.)
they need political education and
organization for the people. 1942-1945
They established the first Gunseikanbu Kokumin Tosyokyoku
political party: Indische Partij Balai Pustaka during Japanese occupation
(December 1912).

14. independence, conflicts and control

15. 17 August 1945
The proclamation
of the Independence:
Republic of Indonesia
independence, conflicts and control

16. 1945-1949
Independence/
Revolution War
against the Ducth offensive
political moves in international
diplomacy and military forces.
The Dutch military + police
tried to occupy big cities in
Java, Sumatera, and Sulawesi.
To protect Indonesian
sovereignity, the new
government decided to move to
Jogjakarta (1946), as
temporary capital city/
government center. Young
intellectuals, artists, students,
17 August 1945
guerillia fighters also move to
Jogja supporting the nation
The proclamation
leaders.
of the Independence:
Republic of Indonesia
independence, conflicts and control

17. 1945-1949
Independence/
Revolution War
against the Ducth offensive
political moves in international
diplomacy and military forces.
The Dutch military + police
tried to occupy big cities in
Java, Sumatera, and Sulawesi.
To protect Indonesian
sovereignity, the new
government decided to move to
Jogjakarta (1946), as
temporary capital city/
government center. Young
intellectuals, artists, students,
17 August 1945
guerillia fighters also move to
Jogja supporting the nation
The proclamation
leaders.
of the Independence:
Republic of Indonesia
independence, conflicts and control
1945-1949
Independence/Revolution War
Most young artists moved to Jogja
or other cities that were still safe (under the control of
the new Republic government and guerillia groups.)
1946 — Seniman Indonesia Muda
(SIM —Young Indonesian Artists)
S. Soedjojono moved to Madiun (East Java) then to
Solo (1947) and form SIM (Members: Trisno
Soemardjo, Sudibyo, Sedyono; and later on some of the
young artists from Jakarta: Nashar, Zaini, Nasyah
Djamin, etc.
SIM also opened their office and sanggar in Jogja,
organised by Affandi, Hendra Gunawan, and friends.
Because of disagreement on how Soedjojono organised
SIM, Affandi and Hendra quitted from SIM and formed
their own artists organisation Pelukis Rakyat (People
Painters)

18. 1945-1949
Independence/
Revolution War
against the Ducth offensive
political moves in international
diplomacy and military forces.
The Dutch military + police
tried to occupy big cities in
Java, Sumatera, and Sulawesi.
To protect Indonesian
sovereignity, the new
government decided to move to
Jogjakarta (1946), as
temporary capital city/
government center. Young
intellectuals, artists, students,
17 August 1945
guerillia fighters also move to
Jogja supporting the nation
The proclamation
leaders.
of the Independence:
Republic of Indonesia
independence, conflicts and control
1945-1949 1950-1965
Independence/Revolution War National political tension
escalated approaching the
Most young artists moved to Jogja first general election (1955).
or other cities that were still safe (under the control of All political parties formed
the new Republic government and guerillia groups.) their own artist/cultural
organizations. LEKRA was
1946 — Seniman Indonesia Muda one of the most active and
(SIM —Young Indonesian Artists) influential, closely affiliated
S. Soedjojono moved to Madiun (East Java) then to to the Indonesian Communist
Solo (1947) and form SIM (Members: Trisno Party.
Soemardjo, Sudibyo, Sedyono; and later on some of the
young artists from Jakarta: Nashar, Zaini, Nasyah
Djamin, etc.
SIM also opened their office and sanggar in Jogja,
organised by Affandi, Hendra Gunawan, and friends.
Because of disagreement on how Soedjojono organised
SIM, Affandi and Hendra quitted from SIM and formed
their own artists organisation Pelukis Rakyat (People
Painters)

19. 1945-1949
Independence/
Revolution War
against the Ducth offensive
political moves in international
diplomacy and military forces.
The Dutch military + police
tried to occupy big cities in
Java, Sumatera, and Sulawesi.
To protect Indonesian
sovereignity, the new
government decided to move to
Jogjakarta (1946), as
temporary capital city/
government center. Young
intellectuals, artists, students,
17 August 1945
guerillia fighters also move to
The proclamation
Jogja supporting the nation 17 August 1950
leaders. LEKRA
of the Independence:
People Cultural Institute
Republic of Indonesia
independence, conflicts and control
1945-1949 1950-1965
Independence/Revolution War National political tension
escalated approaching the
Most young artists moved to Jogja first general election (1955).
or other cities that were still safe (under the control of All political parties formed
the new Republic government and guerillia groups.) their own artist/cultural
organizations. LEKRA was
1946 — Seniman Indonesia Muda one of the most active and
(SIM —Young Indonesian Artists) influential, closely affiliated
S. Soedjojono moved to Madiun (East Java) then to to the Indonesian Communist
Solo (1947) and form SIM (Members: Trisno Party.
Soemardjo, Sudibyo, Sedyono; and later on some of the
young artists from Jakarta: Nashar, Zaini, Nasyah
Djamin, etc.
SIM also opened their office and sanggar in Jogja,
organised by Affandi, Hendra Gunawan, and friends.
Because of disagreement on how Soedjojono organised
SIM, Affandi and Hendra quitted from SIM and formed
their own artists organisation Pelukis Rakyat (People
Painters)

20. 1947—Bandung
1945-1949 • Faculty of Fine Art and Design (FSRD)-ITB
Independence/ Officially opened on 1 August 1947 under the name "Universitaire
Revolution War Leergang Voor de Opleiding van Tekenleraren", then named in Bahasa
against the Ducth offensive Indonesia "Balai Pendidikan Universiter Guru Gambar" (University
political moves in international Education House for Drawing Lecturers").
diplomacy and military forces. 1950—Jogjakarta
The Dutch military + police • Indonesian Fine Art 1 Februari 1959, officially transformed as state university,
tried to occupy big cities in
Java, Sumatera, and Sulawesi. Academy (ASRI) within Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB),
To protect Indonesian officially opened on
sovereignity, the new 15 January 1950
government decided to move to (even though the school was
Jogjakarta (1946), as already in operation from
temporary capital city/ 1949)
government center. Young
intellectuals, artists, students,
17 August 1945
guerillia fighters also move to
The proclamation
Jogja supporting the nation 17 August 1950
leaders. LEKRA
of the Independence:
People Cultural Institute
Republic of Indonesia
independence, conflicts and control
1945-1949 1950-1965
Independence/Revolution War National political tension
escalated approaching the
Most young artists moved to Jogja first general election (1955).
or other cities that were still safe (under the control of All political parties formed
the new Republic government and guerillia groups.) their own artist/cultural
organizations. LEKRA was
1946 — Seniman Indonesia Muda one of the most active and
(SIM —Young Indonesian Artists) influential, closely affiliated
S. Soedjojono moved to Madiun (East Java) then to to the Indonesian Communist
Solo (1947) and form SIM (Members: Trisno Party.
Soemardjo, Sudibyo, Sedyono; and later on some of the
young artists from Jakarta: Nashar, Zaini, Nasyah
Djamin, etc.
SIM also opened their office and sanggar in Jogja,
organised by Affandi, Hendra Gunawan, and friends.
Because of disagreement on how Soedjojono organised
SIM, Affandi and Hendra quitted from SIM and formed
their own artists organisation Pelukis Rakyat (People
Painters)

21. 1948—Bandung
Sanggar Jiwa Mukti 1952—Bandung
Barli Sasmitawinata, Karnedi Sanggar Seniman
Kartono Yudhokusumo
1949-1950—Jakarta 1959—Bandung
Yin Hua Sanggar Rangga Gempol
(Association of Chinese Painters) Barli Sasmitawinata
Lee Manfong
1952—Jogjakarta 1947—Bandung
1945-1949 Pelukis Indonesia Muda • Faculty of Fine Art and Design (FSRD)-ITB
Independence/ G. Sidharta S, Widayat Officially opened on 1 August 1947 under the name "Universitaire
Revolution War Leergang Voor de Opleiding van Tekenleraren", then named in Bahasa
against the Ducth offensive Indonesia "Balai Pendidikan Universiter Guru Gambar" (University
political moves in international Education House for Drawing Lecturers").
diplomacy and military forces. 1950—Jogjakarta
The Dutch military + police • Indonesian Fine Art 1 Februari 1959, officially transformed as state university,
tried to occupy big cities in
Java, Sumatera, and Sulawesi. Academy (ASRI) within Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB),
To protect Indonesian officially opened on
sovereignity, the new 15 January 1950
government decided to move to (even though the school was
Jogjakarta (1946), as already in operation from
temporary capital city/ 1949)
government center. Young
intellectuals, artists, students,
17 August 1945
guerillia fighters also move to
The proclamation
Jogja supporting the nation 17 August 1950
leaders. LEKRA
of the Independence:
People Cultural Institute
Republic of Indonesia
independence, conflicts and control
1945-1949 1950-1965
Independence/Revolution War National political tension
escalated approaching the
Most young artists moved to Jogja first general election (1955).
or other cities that were still safe (under the control of All political parties formed
the new Republic government and guerillia groups.) their own artist/cultural
organizations. LEKRA was
1946 — Seniman Indonesia Muda one of the most active and
(SIM —Young Indonesian Artists) influential, closely affiliated
S. Soedjojono moved to Madiun (East Java) then to to the Indonesian Communist
Solo (1947) and form SIM (Members: Trisno Party.
Soemardjo, Sudibyo, Sedyono; and later on some of the
young artists from Jakarta: Nashar, Zaini, Nasyah
Djamin, etc.
SIM also opened their office and sanggar in Jogja,
organised by Affandi, Hendra Gunawan, and friends.
Because of disagreement on how Soedjojono organised
SIM, Affandi and Hendra quitted from SIM and formed
their own artists organisation Pelukis Rakyat (People
Painters)

22. 1948—Bandung
Sanggar Jiwa Mukti 1952—Bandung
Barli Sasmitawinata, Karnedi Sanggar Seniman
Kartono Yudhokusumo
1949-1950—Jakarta 1959—Bandung
Yin Hua Sanggar Rangga Gempol
(Association of Chinese Painters) Barli Sasmitawinata
Lee Manfong
1952—Jogjakarta 1947—Bandung
1945-1949 Pelukis Indonesia Muda • Faculty of Fine Art and Design (FSRD)-ITB
Independence/ G. Sidharta S, Widayat Officially opened on 1 August 1947 under the name "Universitaire
Revolution War Leergang Voor de Opleiding van Tekenleraren", then named in Bahasa
against the Ducth offensive Indonesia "Balai Pendidikan Universiter Guru Gambar" (University
political moves in international Education House for Drawing Lecturers").
diplomacy and military forces. 1950—Jogjakarta
The Dutch military + police • Indonesian Fine Art 1 Februari 1959, officially transformed as state university,
tried to occupy big cities in
Java, Sumatera, and Sulawesi. Academy (ASRI) within Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB),
To protect Indonesian officially opened on
sovereignity, the new 15 January 1950
government decided to move to (even though the school was
Jogjakarta (1946), as already in operation from
temporary capital city/ 1949)
government center. Young
intellectuals, artists, students,
17 August 1945
guerillia fighters also move to
The proclamation
Jogja supporting the nation 17 August 1950
leaders. LEKRA
of the Independence:
People Cultural Institute
Republic of Indonesia
independence, conflicts and control
1945-1949 1950-1965
Independence/Revolution War National political tension
escalated approaching the
Most young artists moved to Jogja first general election (1955).
or other cities that were still safe (under the control of All political parties formed
the new Republic government and guerillia groups.) their own artist/cultural
organizations. LEKRA was
1946 — Seniman Indonesia Muda one of the most active and
(SIM —Young Indonesian Artists) influential, closely affiliated
S. Soedjojono moved to Madiun (East Java) then to to the Indonesian Communist
Solo (1947) and form SIM (Members: Trisno Party. 1950
Soemardjo, Sudibyo, Sedyono; and later on some of the Surat Kepercayaan Gelanggang
young artists from Jakarta: Nashar, Zaini, Nasyah Young writers and artists (Chairil Anwar, Asrul Sani, Rivai Apin)
Djamin, etc. announced their manifesto in 'Siasat' magazine (October 1950) in which they
stated that: they inherit not only Indonesian culture, but also world
contemporary culture. And they believe that as artists they can shape the
SIM also opened their office and sanggar in Jogja,
new Indonesian cultural life; as they will always be aware of their
organised by Affandi, Hendra Gunawan, and friends. relationship with the life Indonesian society. This manifesto published after
Because of disagreement on how Soedjojono organised the death of Chairil Anwar (1949) and almost 9 months late then the initial
SIM, Affandi and Hendra quitted from SIM and formed date it was written (Februrary 1950), probably because they want to
their own artists organisation Pelukis Rakyat (People announced their diagreement towards Lekra's "manifesto" stated in their
Painters) preamble and the fact that some of their artists collectives ("Seniman
Gelanggang" ) joined Lekra.

23. 1948—Bandung
Sanggar Jiwa Mukti 1952—Bandung
Barli Sasmitawinata, Karnedi Sanggar Seniman
Kartono Yudhokusumo
1949-1950—Jakarta 1959—Bandung
Yin Hua Sanggar Rangga Gempol
(Association of Chinese Painters) Barli Sasmitawinata
Lee Manfong
1952—Jogjakarta 1947—Bandung
1945-1949 Pelukis Indonesia Muda • Faculty of Fine Art and Design (FSRD)-ITB
Independence/ G. Sidharta S, Widayat Officially opened on 1 August 1947 under the name "Universitaire
Revolution War Leergang Voor de Opleiding van Tekenleraren", then named in Bahasa
against the Ducth offensive Indonesia "Balai Pendidikan Universiter Guru Gambar" (University
political moves in international Education House for Drawing Lecturers").
diplomacy and military forces. 1950—Jogjakarta
The Dutch military + police • Indonesian Fine Art 1 Februari 1959, officially transformed as state university,
tried to occupy big cities in
Java, Sumatera, and Sulawesi. Academy (ASRI) within Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB),
To protect Indonesian officially opened on
sovereignity, the new 15 January 1950
1959—Jogjakarta
government decided to move to (even though the school was
Jogjakarta (1946), as Sanggar Bambu
already in operation from
temporary capital city/ Soenarto PR cs.
1949)
government center. Young
intellectuals, artists, students, Position itself as “non-
17 August 1945
guerillia fighters also move to political” artists collective, a
The proclamation
Jogja supporting the nation 17 August 1950 conflicting position and views
leaders. LEKRA
of the Independence:
People Cultural Institute against Bumi Tarung
Republic of Indonesia
independence, conflicts and control
1945-1949 1950-1965
Independence/Revolution War National political tension
escalated approaching the
Most young artists moved to Jogja first general election (1955).
or other cities that were still safe (under the control of All political parties formed
the new Republic government and guerillia groups.) their own artist/cultural
organizations. LEKRA was
1946 — Seniman Indonesia Muda one of the most active and
(SIM —Young Indonesian Artists) influential, closely affiliated
S. Soedjojono moved to Madiun (East Java) then to to the Indonesian Communist
Solo (1947) and form SIM (Members: Trisno Party. 1950
Soemardjo, Sudibyo, Sedyono; and later on some of the Surat Kepercayaan Gelanggang
young artists from Jakarta: Nashar, Zaini, Nasyah Young writers and artists (Chairil Anwar, Asrul Sani, Rivai Apin)
Djamin, etc. announced their manifesto in 'Siasat' magazine (October 1950) in which they
stated that: they inherit not only Indonesian culture, but also world
contemporary culture. And they believe that as artists they can shape the
SIM also opened their office and sanggar in Jogja,
new Indonesian cultural life; as they will always be aware of their
organised by Affandi, Hendra Gunawan, and friends. relationship with the life Indonesian society. This manifesto published after
Because of disagreement on how Soedjojono organised the death of Chairil Anwar (1949) and almost 9 months late then the initial
SIM, Affandi and Hendra quitted from SIM and formed date it was written (Februrary 1950), probably because they want to
their own artists organisation Pelukis Rakyat (People announced their diagreement towards Lekra's "manifesto" stated in their
Painters) preamble and the fact that some of their artists collectives ("Seniman
Gelanggang" ) joined Lekra.

24. 1948—Bandung
Sanggar Jiwa Mukti 1952—Bandung
Barli Sasmitawinata, Karnedi Sanggar Seniman
Kartono Yudhokusumo
1949-1950—Jakarta 1959—Bandung
Yin Hua Sanggar Rangga Gempol
(Association of Chinese Painters) Barli Sasmitawinata
Lee Manfong
1952—Jogjakarta 1947—Bandung
1945-1949 Pelukis Indonesia Muda • Faculty of Fine Art and Design (FSRD)-ITB
Independence/ G. Sidharta S, Widayat Officially opened on 1 August 1947 under the name "Universitaire
Revolution War Leergang Voor de Opleiding van Tekenleraren", then named in Bahasa
against the Ducth offensive Indonesia "Balai Pendidikan Universiter Guru Gambar" (University
political moves in international Education House for Drawing Lecturers").
diplomacy and military forces. 1950—Jogjakarta
The Dutch military + police • Indonesian Fine Art 1 Februari 1959, officially transformed as state university,
tried to occupy big cities in
Java, Sumatera, and Sulawesi. Academy (ASRI) within Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB),
To protect Indonesian officially opened on
sovereignity, the new 15 January 1950
1959—Jogjakarta
government decided to move to (even though the school was
Jogjakarta (1946), as Sanggar Bambu
already in operation from
temporary capital city/ Soenarto PR cs.
1949) 1961—Jogjakarta
government center. Young Sanggar Bumi Tarung
intellectuals, artists, students, Position itself as “non- Amrus Natalsja cs.
17 August 1945
guerillia fighters also move to political” artists collective, a
The proclamation
Jogja supporting the nation 17 August 1950 conflicting position and views Closely related to
leaders. LEKRA LEKRA and PKI
of the Independence:
People Cultural Institute against Bumi Tarung
Republic of Indonesia
independence, conflicts and control
1945-1949 1950-1965
Independence/Revolution War National political tension
escalated approaching the
Most young artists moved to Jogja first general election (1955).
or other cities that were still safe (under the control of All political parties formed
the new Republic government and guerillia groups.) their own artist/cultural
organizations. LEKRA was
1946 — Seniman Indonesia Muda one of the most active and
(SIM —Young Indonesian Artists) influential, closely affiliated
S. Soedjojono moved to Madiun (East Java) then to to the Indonesian Communist
Solo (1947) and form SIM (Members: Trisno Party. 1950
Soemardjo, Sudibyo, Sedyono; and later on some of the Surat Kepercayaan Gelanggang
young artists from Jakarta: Nashar, Zaini, Nasyah Young writers and artists (Chairil Anwar, Asrul Sani, Rivai Apin)
Djamin, etc. announced their manifesto in 'Siasat' magazine (October 1950) in which they
stated that: they inherit not only Indonesian culture, but also world
contemporary culture. And they believe that as artists they can shape the
SIM also opened their office and sanggar in Jogja,
new Indonesian cultural life; as they will always be aware of their
organised by Affandi, Hendra Gunawan, and friends. relationship with the life Indonesian society. This manifesto published after
Because of disagreement on how Soedjojono organised the death of Chairil Anwar (1949) and almost 9 months late then the initial
SIM, Affandi and Hendra quitted from SIM and formed date it was written (Februrary 1950), probably because they want to
their own artists organisation Pelukis Rakyat (People announced their diagreement towards Lekra's "manifesto" stated in their
Painters) preamble and the fact that some of their artists collectives ("Seniman
Gelanggang" ) joined Lekra.

25. 1948—Bandung
Sanggar Jiwa Mukti 1952—Bandung
Barli Sasmitawinata, Karnedi Sanggar Seniman
Kartono Yudhokusumo
1949-1950—Jakarta 1959—Bandung
Yin Hua Sanggar Rangga Gempol
(Association of Chinese Painters) Barli Sasmitawinata
Lee Manfong
1952—Jogjakarta 1947—Bandung
1945-1949 Pelukis Indonesia Muda • Faculty of Fine Art and Design (FSRD)-ITB
Independence/ G. Sidharta S, Widayat Officially opened on 1 August 1947 under the name "Universitaire
Revolution War Leergang Voor de Opleiding van Tekenleraren", then named in Bahasa
against the Ducth offensive Indonesia "Balai Pendidikan Universiter Guru Gambar" (University
political moves in international Education House for Drawing Lecturers").
diplomacy and military forces. 1950—Jogjakarta
The Dutch military + police • Indonesian Fine Art 1 Februari 1959, officially transformed as state university,
tried to occupy big cities in
Java, Sumatera, and Sulawesi. Academy (ASRI) within Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB),
To protect Indonesian officially opened on
sovereignity, the new 15 January 1950
1959—Jogjakarta
government decided to move to (even though the school was
Jogjakarta (1946), as Sanggar Bambu
already in operation from
temporary capital city/ Soenarto PR cs.
1949) 1961—Jogjakarta
government center. Young Sanggar Bumi Tarung
intellectuals, artists, students, Position itself as “non- Amrus Natalsja cs.
17 August 1945
guerillia fighters also move to political” artists collective, a
The proclamation
Jogja supporting the nation 17 August 1950 conflicting position and views Closely related to
leaders. LEKRA LEKRA and PKI
of the Independence:
People Cultural Institute against Bumi Tarung
Republic of Indonesia
independence, conflicts and control
17 August 1963
1945-1949 1950-1965 Manifes Kebudayaan
Independence/Revolution War National political tension A group of young writers, artists,
escalated approaching the intellectuals published their
Most young artists moved to Jogja first general election (1955). manifesto which perceived as
or other cities that were still safe (under the control of All political parties formed “liberal” and “anti-revolutionary” by
the new Republic government and guerillia groups.) their own artist/cultural the leftist-communist group.
organizations. LEKRA was
1946 — Seniman Indonesia Muda one of the most active and 8 May 1964
(SIM —Young Indonesian Artists) influential, closely affiliated Soekarno, in favor with the leftist-
S. Soedjojono moved to Madiun (East Java) then to to the Indonesian Communist communist writers/intellectuals,
Solo (1947) and form SIM (Members: Trisno Party. 1950 officially banned “Manifes
Soemardjo, Sudibyo, Sedyono; and later on some of the Surat Kepercayaan Gelanggang Kebudayaan.”
young artists from Jakarta: Nashar, Zaini, Nasyah Young writers and artists (Chairil Anwar, Asrul Sani, Rivai Apin)
Djamin, etc. announced their manifesto in 'Siasat' magazine (October 1950) in which they
stated that: they inherit not only Indonesian culture, but also world
contemporary culture. And they believe that as artists they can shape the
SIM also opened their office and sanggar in Jogja,
new Indonesian cultural life; as they will always be aware of their
organised by Affandi, Hendra Gunawan, and friends. relationship with the life Indonesian society. This manifesto published after
Because of disagreement on how Soedjojono organised the death of Chairil Anwar (1949) and almost 9 months late then the initial
SIM, Affandi and Hendra quitted from SIM and formed date it was written (Februrary 1950), probably because they want to
their own artists organisation Pelukis Rakyat (People announced their diagreement towards Lekra's "manifesto" stated in their
Painters) preamble and the fact that some of their artists collectives ("Seniman
Gelanggang" ) joined Lekra.

26. 1948—Bandung
Sanggar Jiwa Mukti 1952—Bandung
Barli Sasmitawinata, Karnedi Sanggar Seniman
Kartono Yudhokusumo
1949-1950—Jakarta 1959—Bandung
Yin Hua Sanggar Rangga Gempol
(Association of Chinese Painters) Barli Sasmitawinata
Lee Manfong
1952—Jogjakarta 1947—Bandung
1945-1949 Pelukis Indonesia Muda • Faculty of Fine Art and Design (FSRD)-ITB
Independence/ G. Sidharta S, Widayat Officially opened on 1 August 1947 under the name "Universitaire
Revolution War Leergang Voor de Opleiding van Tekenleraren", then named in Bahasa
against the Ducth offensive Indonesia "Balai Pendidikan Universiter Guru Gambar" (University
political moves in international Education House for Drawing Lecturers").
diplomacy and military forces. 1950—Jogjakarta
The Dutch military + police • Indonesian Fine Art 1 Februari 1959, officially transformed as state university,
tried to occupy big cities in
Java, Sumatera, and Sulawesi. Academy (ASRI) within Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB),
To protect Indonesian officially opened on
sovereignity, the new 15 January 1950
1959—Jogjakarta
government decided to move to (even though the school was
Jogjakarta (1946), as Sanggar Bambu
already in operation from
temporary capital city/ Soenarto PR cs.
1949) 1961—Jogjakarta
government center. Young Sanggar Bumi Tarung
intellectuals, artists, students, Position itself as “non- Amrus Natalsja cs.
17 August 1945
guerillia fighters also move to political” artists collective, a September-October 1965
The proclamation
Jogja supporting the nation 17 August 1950 conflicting position and views Closely related to The Communist Coup?
leaders. LEKRA LEKRA and PKI The Anti-Communist Amok
of the Independence:
People Cultural Institute against Bumi Tarung
Republic of Indonesia
independence, conflicts and control
17 August 1963
1945-1949 1950-1965 Manifes Kebudayaan
Independence/Revolution War National political tension A group of young writers, artists,
escalated approaching the intellectuals published their
Most young artists moved to Jogja first general election (1955). manifesto which perceived as
or other cities that were still safe (under the control of All political parties formed “liberal” and “anti-revolutionary” by
the new Republic government and guerillia groups.) their own artist/cultural the leftist-communist group.
organizations. LEKRA was
1946 — Seniman Indonesia Muda one of the most active and 8 May 1964
(SIM —Young Indonesian Artists) influential, closely affiliated Soekarno, in favor with the leftist-
S. Soedjojono moved to Madiun (East Java) then to to the Indonesian Communist communist writers/intellectuals,
Solo (1947) and form SIM (Members: Trisno Party. 1950 officially banned “Manifes
Soemardjo, Sudibyo, Sedyono; and later on some of the Surat Kepercayaan Gelanggang Kebudayaan.”
young artists from Jakarta: Nashar, Zaini, Nasyah Young writers and artists (Chairil Anwar, Asrul Sani, Rivai Apin)
Djamin, etc. announced their manifesto in 'Siasat' magazine (October 1950) in which they
stated that: they inherit not only Indonesian culture, but also world
contemporary culture. And they believe that as artists they can shape the
SIM also opened their office and sanggar in Jogja,
new Indonesian cultural life; as they will always be aware of their
organised by Affandi, Hendra Gunawan, and friends. relationship with the life Indonesian society. This manifesto published after
Because of disagreement on how Soedjojono organised the death of Chairil Anwar (1949) and almost 9 months late then the initial
SIM, Affandi and Hendra quitted from SIM and formed date it was written (Februrary 1950), probably because they want to
their own artists organisation Pelukis Rakyat (People announced their diagreement towards Lekra's "manifesto" stated in their
Painters) preamble and the fact that some of their artists collectives ("Seniman
Gelanggang" ) joined Lekra.

27. 1948—Bandung
Sanggar Jiwa Mukti 1952—Bandung
Barli Sasmitawinata, Karnedi Sanggar Seniman
Kartono Yudhokusumo
1949-1950—Jakarta 1959—Bandung
Yin Hua Sanggar Rangga Gempol
(Association of Chinese Painters) Barli Sasmitawinata
Lee Manfong
1952—Jogjakarta 1947—Bandung
1945-1949 Pelukis Indonesia Muda • Faculty of Fine Art and Design (FSRD)-ITB
Independence/ G. Sidharta S, Widayat Officially opened on 1 August 1947 under the name "Universitaire
Revolution War Leergang Voor de Opleiding van Tekenleraren", then named in Bahasa
against the Ducth offensive Indonesia "Balai Pendidikan Universiter Guru Gambar" (University
political moves in international Education House for Drawing Lecturers").
diplomacy and military forces. 1950—Jogjakarta
The Dutch military + police • Indonesian Fine Art 1 Februari 1959, officially transformed as state university,
tried to occupy big cities in
Java, Sumatera, and Sulawesi. Academy (ASRI) within Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB),
To protect Indonesian officially opened on
sovereignity, the new 15 January 1950
1959—Jogjakarta
government decided to move to (even though the school was
Jogjakarta (1946), as Sanggar Bambu
already in operation from
temporary capital city/ Soenarto PR cs.
1949) 1961—Jogjakarta
government center. Young Sanggar Bumi Tarung
intellectuals, artists, students, Position itself as “non- Amrus Natalsja cs.
17 August 1945
guerillia fighters also move to political” artists collective, a September-October 1965
The proclamation
Jogja supporting the nation 17 August 1950 conflicting position and views Closely related to The Communist Coup?
leaders. LEKRA LEKRA and PKI The Anti-Communist Amok
of the Independence:
People Cultural Institute against Bumi Tarung
Republic of Indonesia
independence, conflicts and control
17 August 1963
1950-1965 Manifes Kebudayaan 1966
1945-1949 The Fall of
Independence/Revolution War National political tension A group of young writers, artists, Soekarno
escalated approaching the intellectuals published their
Most young artists moved to Jogja first general election (1955). manifesto which perceived as New Beginning:
or other cities that were still safe (under the control of All political parties formed “liberal” and “anti-revolutionary” by Suharto’s
the new Republic government and guerillia groups.) their own artist/cultural the leftist-communist group. New Order
organizations. LEKRA was
1946 — Seniman Indonesia Muda one of the most active and 8 May 1964
(SIM —Young Indonesian Artists) influential, closely affiliated Soekarno, in favor with the leftist-
S. Soedjojono moved to Madiun (East Java) then to to the Indonesian Communist communist writers/intellectuals,
Solo (1947) and form SIM (Members: Trisno Party. 1950 officially banned “Manifes
Soemardjo, Sudibyo, Sedyono; and later on some of the Surat Kepercayaan Gelanggang Kebudayaan.”
young artists from Jakarta: Nashar, Zaini, Nasyah Young writers and artists (Chairil Anwar, Asrul Sani, Rivai Apin)
Djamin, etc. announced their manifesto in 'Siasat' magazine (October 1950) in which they
stated that: they inherit not only Indonesian culture, but also world
contemporary culture. And they believe that as artists they can shape the
SIM also opened their office and sanggar in Jogja,
new Indonesian cultural life; as they will always be aware of their
organised by Affandi, Hendra Gunawan, and friends. relationship with the life Indonesian society. This manifesto published after
Because of disagreement on how Soedjojono organised the death of Chairil Anwar (1949) and almost 9 months late then the initial
SIM, Affandi and Hendra quitted from SIM and formed date it was written (Februrary 1950), probably because they want to
their own artists organisation Pelukis Rakyat (People announced their diagreement towards Lekra's "manifesto" stated in their
Painters) preamble and the fact that some of their artists collectives ("Seniman
Gelanggang" ) joined Lekra.

28. 'new order', 'regimentation', 'new art movement'

29. 'new order', 'regimentation', 'new art movement'
1966
Tritura
Anti-Soekarno
Student Movement
11 March 1966
Supersemar
With a mandated
instruction letter, claimed
to be handed directly by
Soekarno to Suharto,
Indonesian Army under
the direction of Suharto
started to eliminate all
“communist elements” in
the country.

30. 'new order', 'regimentation', 'new art movement'
1966 12 March 1967
Tritura The End of Soekarno’s
Anti-Soekarno
Student Movement Era
The People Assembly
11 March 1966 (emergency) officially
impeached Soekarno and
Supersemar handed power to (Gen.)
With a mandated Suharto: to restore social-
instruction letter, claimed political order until general
to be handed directly by election of 1971.
Soekarno to Suharto,
Indonesian Army under
the direction of Suharto
started to eliminate all
“communist elements” in
the country.

31. 15 December 1970
Sanggar Dewata Indonesia
established by a group of young art
students from Bali who studied in
ASRI, Jogjakarta.
(Nyoman Gunarsa,
Pande Gde Supada, Wayan Sika,
Nyoman Arsana,
Wayan Arsana Guna,
Made Wianta).
'new order', 'regimentation', 'new art movement'
1966 12 March 1967
Tritura The End of Soekarno’s
Anti-Soekarno
Student Movement Era
The People Assembly
11 March 1966 (emergency) officially
impeached Soekarno and
Supersemar handed power to (Gen.)
With a mandated Suharto: to restore social-
instruction letter, claimed political order until general
to be handed directly by election of 1971.
Soekarno to Suharto,
Indonesian Army under
the direction of Suharto
started to eliminate all
“communist elements” in
the country.

32. 15 December 1970
Sanggar Dewata Indonesia
established by a group of young art
students from Bali who studied in
ASRI, Jogjakarta.
(Nyoman Gunarsa,
Pande Gde Supada, Wayan Sika,
Nyoman Arsana,
Wayan Arsana Guna,
Made Wianta).
'new order', 'regimentation', 'new art movement'
5 July 1971
1966 12 March 1967 1st general election
Tritura The End of Soekarno’s under Suharto’s New
Anti-Soekarno
Era Order
Student Movement
The People Assembly
11 March 1966 (emergency) officially A newly-formed political
impeached Soekarno and party, fully supported by the
Supersemar handed power to (Gen.)
With a mandated Army, GOLKAR, won the
Suharto: to restore social-
instruction letter, claimed political order until general election and elected Suharto
to be handed directly by election of 1971. as president.
Soekarno to Suharto, Later on, the new
Indonesian Army under
government imposed a new
the direction of Suharto
started to eliminate all legislation to minimize
“communist elements” in political parties. Until 32
the country. years later, only 3 parties
exist in Indonesia: Golkar,
PPP, PDI.