Computer programming is the process of creating software through the use of logic, algorithms, and programming language

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2. ● Computer programming is the process of
creating software through the use of logic,
algorithms, and programming language
● Programmers use a program code to make
software
● Program code : a set of instructions that
signal the CPU to perform circuit witching
operations
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3. ● A language designed for writing system
software
● It offers more direct access to the physical
hardware of the machine
● System Software : Operating System,
Language Processor & System Utilities
● Major System Programming Languages
○ C, C++, ESPOL, PL/I, BLISS
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4. ● A language designed for writing application
software
● Application Software : Payroll system,
Inventory System, Attendance System etc.
● Major Application Programming Languages
○ C, C++, VB.NET, Java, etc.
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5. ● Procedural Programming
Languages
● Procedural programming specifies a list of operations that the program
must complete to reach the desired state.
● Each program has a starting state, a list of operations to complete, and
an ending point. This approach is also known as imperative
programming.
● Integral to the idea of procedural programming is the concept of a
procedure call. Procedures, also known as functions, subroutines, or
methods, are small sections of code that perform a particular function.
● Procedural programming can be compared to unstructured programming,
where all of the code resides in a single large block.
● It splits the programmatic tasks into small pieces, procedural
programming allows a section of code to be re-used in the program
without making multiple copies.
● It also makes it easier for programmers to understand and maintain
program structure.
● Two of the most popular procedural programming languages are
FORTRAN and BASIC.
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6. ● Structured Programming
Languages
● Structured programming is a special type of procedural
programming. It provides additional tools to manage the
problems that larger programs were creating.
● Structured programming requires that programmers break
program structure into small pieces of code that are easily
understood.
● It also frowns upon the use of global variables and instead
uses variables local to each subroutine.
● One of the well known features of structural programming is
that it does not allow the use of the GOTO statement. It is
often associated with a “top-down” approach to design.
● The most popular structured programming languages include
C, Ada, and Pascal.
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7. ● Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
● Object-oriented programming is one the newest and
most powerful paradigms.
● In object oriented programs, the designer specifies both
the data structures and the types of operations that can
be applied to those data structures.
● This pairing of a piece of data with the operations that
can be performed on it is known as an object.
● A program thus becomes a collection of cooperating
objects, rather than a list of instructions.
● Objects can store state information and interact with
other objects, but generally each object has a distinct,
limited role.
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8. ● Low Level Programming Language
○ Machine Language
○ Assembly Language
● High Level Programming Language
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9. ● Low Level Machine Language
● Computer understand only a language that is
known as “Machine Language”
● It consists of set of instructions in form of ‘1s’
and ‘0s’
● Example of Machine Instruction
○ 1110001110000
● It is difficult for human to read and write machine
language
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10. ● i) It makes fast and efficient use of the
computer.
● ii) It requires no translator to translate the
code i.e.Directly understood by the computer
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11. ● i) All operation codes have to be
remembered
● ii) All memory addresses have to be
remembered.
● iii) It is hard to amend or find errors in a
program written
● In the machine language
● iv) These languages are machine dependent
i.e. a particular
● Machine language can be used on only one
type of computer
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12. ● Inconveniences of machine language.
● Assembly language in which operation codes
and operands are given in the form of
alphanumeric symbols instead of 0’s and l’s.
● These alphanumeric symbols will be known as
mnemonic codes and can have maximum up to
5 letter combination
○ e.g. ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, START,
LABEL etc.
● Because of this feature it is also known as
‘Symbolic Programming Language’. This
language is also very difficult and needs a lot of
practice to master it because very small
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13. ● Advantages of Assembly Language
i) It is easier to understand and use as
compared to machine language.
ii)It is easy to locate and correct errors.
iii) It is modified easily
● Disadvantages of Assembly Language
i) Like machine language it is also machine
dependent.
ii) Knowledge of hardware required
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14. ● High level computer languages give formats
close to English language and the purpose of
developing.
● It enables people to write programs easily and in
their own native language environment
(English).
● High-level languages are basically symbolic
languages that use English words and/or
mathematical symbols rather than mnemonic
codes.
● Each instruction in the high level language is
translated into many machine language
instructions thus showing one-to-many
translation
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15. ● Readablity
● Portability
● Easy Debugging
● Easy Software Development
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