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12. anti amoebiais
1.
2. Intestinal infection - Entamoeba histolytica
Ingested cysts through food water
Poor environmental sanitation
Low socio-economic status
Many patients are asymptomatic
Characterized by diarrhea, weakness
3.
4. Luminal Phase
Cysts in Faeces – propagation of
disease.
Tissue phase
Ulcer /dysentery
Abscess
Extra intestinal
Lung, Spleen, Kidney, Brain
5. Classification
Tissue Amoebicides
Extra intestinal & Intestinal
Nitroimidazoles Metronidazole
Tinidazole
Secnidazole
Ornidazole
satranidazole
Alkaloids
Emetine
Hydroemetine
Extra intestinal amoebiasis only
SHOULD always be followed by Luminal
Chloroquine
amoebicide to eradicate source of infection
7. Metronidazole
Nitroimidazole group, Prototype drug
introduced in 1959
It active aganist amoebae, anaerobic
bacteria and certain helminthis
PK:- Oral & parental
Absorption occurs in proximal intestine
Well distribution, therapeutic level it found in
vaginal, seminal fluid, CSF, saliva and milk
Metabolized by oxidation and glucuronidation
t½-8hrs.
Not given pregnancy
8. MOA:
Enters micro-organism by diffusion
PFOR enzyme act as electron removal
(Pyruvate ferrodoxin oxido reductase)
Nitro group serves as electron acceptor reduced
Cyto toxicity
DNA Damaged
12. Tinidazole
Slower metabolism – longer duration action –
Given OD
Better tolerated
Use in amoebiasis – 600mg BD X 7 days
Trichomoniasis, Giardiasis 600mg for 7days
Secnidazole – longer duration
2g single dose
Less side effects
13. Emetine
Alkaloid from Cephaelis ipecacuanha
MOA: Protein synthesis inhibitor
Potent directly acting amoebicide (trophozoites)
Does not kill cysts
Toxicity high –Seldom used
Reserve drug – not responding/intolerant to
metronidazole
Luminal amoebicide follows emetine to eradicate cysts
Dihydroemetine =effective but less toxic
Preferred over emetine
14. Chloroquine
Kills trophozoites
Concentrates in liver Used in hepatic amoebiasis
Rx duration longer 500mg x 21days
Relapses more frequent than emetine
Resistance doesn’t develop
Luminal amoebicide must always be given with or
after Chloroquine to abolish luminal cycle
Dose in liver abcess -600 mg(base) X
2days,300mg X 2-3 weeks
Reserved drug only used metronidazole is not
tolerated
15. Diloxanide furoate
Highly effective luminal amoebicide
Directly kills trophozoites
No anti bacterial action
Drug of Choice for mild intestinal/
asymptomatic amoebiasis
Given after tissue amoebicide to eradicate
cysts
Given in combination with metronidazole OR
tinidazole
ADRs – pruritis, urticaria, flatulance
16. 8-hydroxy quinolone
Once widely used luminal amoebicide
Rarely now because neuritis & optic damage
Uses: luminal amoebicide, giardiasis
Locally for monilial/trichomonas vaginitis,
fungal & bacterial infections
ADR:- green colored stool
Prolong use case iodine overload (Goiter)
Not safer drug for pregnancy and children
17. Tetracycline
Directly inhibit amoebae but only at high
concentration.
↓bacterial flora
Used along with other luminal agents
Adjuvant in chronic difficult to treat cases
18. GIARDIASIS
Giardia lamblia, Pear shaped
Two nuclei and four flagella
Attach to intestinal mucosa
From they absorb nourishment & interfere
absorption
Characterized by watery diarrhea & malabsorption
Metroindazole 200mg TDS 7days
Tinidazole 600mg daily 7days
Secnidazole 2g single dose
19. TRICHOMONIASIS
Gential infection produced by Trichomonas
vaginalis
Metroindazole 400mg TDS 7days or 2g single
dose
Tinidazole 600mg daily 7days or 2g single dose
Secnidazole 2g single dose
Nimorazole 2g single dose with meals
* Repeat course may given after 6 weeks
20. TRYPANANOSOMIASIS
Africian Trypnosmiasis :- T. brucei
Two stages –
Haemolymphatic – enlargement of lymph node
Meningo encephalopathic – mental distrubance,
diziness (Sleeping
sickness)
Early- Sumarin or pentmidine
Late CNS – Melarsoprol