Enviar búsqueda
Cargar
T.damodaran
•
2 recomendaciones
•
829 vistas
premchand p
Seguir
samakalika malayalam varikha article on t.damodaran master
Leer menos
Leer más
Tecnología
Educación
Denunciar
Compartir
Denunciar
Compartir
1 de 9
Descargar ahora
Descargar para leer sin conexión
Recomendados
Mandar
Mandar
Haris Padinharethil
Smk
Smk
Haris Padinharethil
Makarajyothi 2011 page 101-156
Makarajyothi 2011 page 101-156
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Makarajyothi 2011 page 201-250
Makarajyothi 2011 page 201-250
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Qurdawi
Qurdawi
Haris Padinharethil
Makarajyothi 2011 page 251-292
Makarajyothi 2011 page 251-292
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Thirikae samudayathilekko vol_1
Thirikae samudayathilekko vol_1
brethrenkumbanad
Thirikae samudayathilekko_vol_1
Thirikae samudayathilekko_vol_1
brethrenkumbanad
Recomendados
Mandar
Mandar
Haris Padinharethil
Smk
Smk
Haris Padinharethil
Makarajyothi 2011 page 101-156
Makarajyothi 2011 page 101-156
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Makarajyothi 2011 page 201-250
Makarajyothi 2011 page 201-250
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Qurdawi
Qurdawi
Haris Padinharethil
Makarajyothi 2011 page 251-292
Makarajyothi 2011 page 251-292
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Thirikae samudayathilekko vol_1
Thirikae samudayathilekko vol_1
brethrenkumbanad
Thirikae samudayathilekko_vol_1
Thirikae samudayathilekko_vol_1
brethrenkumbanad
Makarajyothi 2011 page 157-200
Makarajyothi 2011 page 157-200
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Vanimal
Vanimal
Haris Padinharethil
Ssf
Ssf
Haris Padinharethil
Page 1
Page 1
Naveen Emmanuel
Makarjyothi 2018
Makarjyothi 2018
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Ganooshi (1)
Ganooshi (1)
Haris Padinharethil
Makarajyothi 2017
Makarajyothi 2017
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Hameed Vanimel
Hameed Vanimel
Haris Padinharethil
Makarajyothi 2015
Makarajyothi 2015
Krishnanath Venkataraman
May 2015
May 2015
തോംസണ്
Hyderali(Hajj)
Hyderali(Hajj)
Haris Padinharethil
Makarajyothi 2005
Makarajyothi 2005
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Smart web
Smart web
Lino Tharakan
Hand book
Hand book
Paul Mathew
Makarajyothi 2016
Makarajyothi 2016
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Makarajyothi 2011 page 1-50
Makarajyothi 2011 page 1-50
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Makarajyothi 2010.
Makarajyothi 2010.
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Jeevavachanam 14.11.2010
Jeevavachanam 14.11.2010
believerforum
Velam
Velam
Haris Padinharethil
Velam
Velam
Haris Padinharethil
Vachanadwani 12-2010
Vachanadwani 12-2010
believerforum
Qurdawi
Qurdawi
Haris Padinharethil
Más contenido relacionado
La actualidad más candente
Makarajyothi 2011 page 157-200
Makarajyothi 2011 page 157-200
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Vanimal
Vanimal
Haris Padinharethil
Ssf
Ssf
Haris Padinharethil
Page 1
Page 1
Naveen Emmanuel
Makarjyothi 2018
Makarjyothi 2018
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Ganooshi (1)
Ganooshi (1)
Haris Padinharethil
Makarajyothi 2017
Makarajyothi 2017
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Hameed Vanimel
Hameed Vanimel
Haris Padinharethil
Makarajyothi 2015
Makarajyothi 2015
Krishnanath Venkataraman
May 2015
May 2015
തോംസണ്
Hyderali(Hajj)
Hyderali(Hajj)
Haris Padinharethil
Makarajyothi 2005
Makarajyothi 2005
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Smart web
Smart web
Lino Tharakan
Hand book
Hand book
Paul Mathew
Makarajyothi 2016
Makarajyothi 2016
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Makarajyothi 2011 page 1-50
Makarajyothi 2011 page 1-50
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Makarajyothi 2010.
Makarajyothi 2010.
Krishnanath Venkataraman
Jeevavachanam 14.11.2010
Jeevavachanam 14.11.2010
believerforum
La actualidad más candente
(18)
Makarajyothi 2011 page 157-200
Makarajyothi 2011 page 157-200
Vanimal
Vanimal
Ssf
Ssf
Page 1
Page 1
Makarjyothi 2018
Makarjyothi 2018
Ganooshi (1)
Ganooshi (1)
Makarajyothi 2017
Makarajyothi 2017
Hameed Vanimel
Hameed Vanimel
Makarajyothi 2015
Makarajyothi 2015
May 2015
May 2015
Hyderali(Hajj)
Hyderali(Hajj)
Makarajyothi 2005
Makarajyothi 2005
Smart web
Smart web
Hand book
Hand book
Makarajyothi 2016
Makarajyothi 2016
Makarajyothi 2011 page 1-50
Makarajyothi 2011 page 1-50
Makarajyothi 2010.
Makarajyothi 2010.
Jeevavachanam 14.11.2010
Jeevavachanam 14.11.2010
Similar a T.damodaran
Velam
Velam
Haris Padinharethil
Velam
Velam
Haris Padinharethil
Vachanadwani 12-2010
Vachanadwani 12-2010
believerforum
Qurdawi
Qurdawi
Haris Padinharethil
Suppliment 10 bretheren_e-mail
Suppliment 10 bretheren_e-mail
believerforum
Ml A Nabiyudemaranam
Ml A Nabiyudemaranam
Haris Padinharethil
Zubair
Zubair
Haris Padinharethil
Labor laws in Kerala volume 2 - guidelines James Joseph Adhikarathil, Land co...
Labor laws in Kerala volume 2 - guidelines James Joseph Adhikarathil, Land co...
Jamesadhikaram land matter consultancy 9447464502
Sahodary February
Sahodary February
തോംസണ്
Page 3
Page 3
Naveen Emmanuel
Official Book
Official Book
Naveen Emmanuel
awards
awards
premchand p
Jeevavachanam 14.11.2010
Jeevavachanam 14.11.2010
believerforum
Jeevavachanam nov14
Jeevavachanam nov14
believerforum
Page 2
Page 2
Naveen Emmanuel
Who Am I (Malayalam)
Who Am I (Malayalam)
Dada Bhagwan
Arippa land strike press statement
Arippa land strike press statement
keralawatchnews
July 2015
July 2015
തോംസണ്
director bharathan
director bharathan
premchand p
ritu
ritu
premchand p
Similar a T.damodaran
(20)
Velam
Velam
Velam
Velam
Vachanadwani 12-2010
Vachanadwani 12-2010
Qurdawi
Qurdawi
Suppliment 10 bretheren_e-mail
Suppliment 10 bretheren_e-mail
Ml A Nabiyudemaranam
Ml A Nabiyudemaranam
Zubair
Zubair
Labor laws in Kerala volume 2 - guidelines James Joseph Adhikarathil, Land co...
Labor laws in Kerala volume 2 - guidelines James Joseph Adhikarathil, Land co...
Sahodary February
Sahodary February
Page 3
Page 3
Official Book
Official Book
awards
awards
Jeevavachanam 14.11.2010
Jeevavachanam 14.11.2010
Jeevavachanam nov14
Jeevavachanam nov14
Page 2
Page 2
Who Am I (Malayalam)
Who Am I (Malayalam)
Arippa land strike press statement
Arippa land strike press statement
July 2015
July 2015
director bharathan
director bharathan
ritu
ritu
Más de premchand p
iffk
iffk
premchand p
iffi
iffi
premchand p
russian election
russian election
premchand p
Leviathan
Leviathan
premchand p
Power
Power
premchand p
Cinema cinema
Cinema cinema
premchand p
Diabetics kerala
Diabetics kerala
premchand p
M.v.ragavan
M.v.ragavan
premchand p
Editorial
Editorial
premchand p
Nilppu samaram
Nilppu samaram
premchand p
on internet hartal
on internet hartal
premchand p
Buddha
Buddha
premchand p
Public
Public
premchand p
Coconut
Coconut
premchand p
Spiritual
Spiritual
premchand p
Caste
Caste
premchand p
mathrubhumi editorial today
mathrubhumi editorial today
premchand p
mathrubhumi editorial today
mathrubhumi editorial today
premchand p
mathrubhumi editorial
mathrubhumi editorial
premchand p
Mathrubhumi editorial 3-5-2014
Mathrubhumi editorial 3-5-2014
premchand p
Más de premchand p
(20)
iffk
iffk
iffi
iffi
russian election
russian election
Leviathan
Leviathan
Power
Power
Cinema cinema
Cinema cinema
Diabetics kerala
Diabetics kerala
M.v.ragavan
M.v.ragavan
Editorial
Editorial
Nilppu samaram
Nilppu samaram
on internet hartal
on internet hartal
Buddha
Buddha
Public
Public
Coconut
Coconut
Spiritual
Spiritual
Caste
Caste
mathrubhumi editorial today
mathrubhumi editorial today
mathrubhumi editorial today
mathrubhumi editorial today
mathrubhumi editorial
mathrubhumi editorial
Mathrubhumi editorial 3-5-2014
Mathrubhumi editorial 3-5-2014
Último
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
ThousandEyes
Finding Java's Hidden Performance Traps @ DevoxxUK 2024
Finding Java's Hidden Performance Traps @ DevoxxUK 2024
Victor Rentea
WSO2's API Vision: Unifying Control, Empowering Developers
WSO2's API Vision: Unifying Control, Empowering Developers
WSO2
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
Dropbox
Architecting Cloud Native Applications
Architecting Cloud Native Applications
WSO2
Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...
Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...
apidays
presentation ICT roal in 21st century education
presentation ICT roal in 21st century education
jfdjdjcjdnsjd
Rising Above_ Dubai Floods and the Fortitude of Dubai International Airport.pdf
Rising Above_ Dubai Floods and the Fortitude of Dubai International Airport.pdf
Orbitshub
Introduction to Multilingual Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)
Introduction to Multilingual Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)
Zilliz
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Jeffrey Haguewood
Apidays New York 2024 - The value of a flexible API Management solution for O...
Apidays New York 2024 - The value of a flexible API Management solution for O...
apidays
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
The Digital Insurer
Platformless Horizons for Digital Adaptability
Platformless Horizons for Digital Adaptability
WSO2
Six Myths about Ontologies: The Basics of Formal Ontology
Six Myths about Ontologies: The Basics of Formal Ontology
johnbeverley2021
Cloud Frontiers: A Deep Dive into Serverless Spatial Data and FME
Cloud Frontiers: A Deep Dive into Serverless Spatial Data and FME
Safe Software
Modular Monolith - a Practical Alternative to Microservices @ Devoxx UK 2024
Modular Monolith - a Practical Alternative to Microservices @ Devoxx UK 2024
Victor Rentea
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
Nanddeep Nachan
Mcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Mcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Deepika Singh
Biography Of Angeliki Cooney | Senior Vice President Life Sciences | Albany, ...
Biography Of Angeliki Cooney | Senior Vice President Life Sciences | Albany, ...
Angeliki Cooney
Polkadot JAM Slides - Token2049 - By Dr. Gavin Wood
Polkadot JAM Slides - Token2049 - By Dr. Gavin Wood
Juan lago vázquez
Último
(20)
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
Finding Java's Hidden Performance Traps @ DevoxxUK 2024
Finding Java's Hidden Performance Traps @ DevoxxUK 2024
WSO2's API Vision: Unifying Control, Empowering Developers
WSO2's API Vision: Unifying Control, Empowering Developers
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
Architecting Cloud Native Applications
Architecting Cloud Native Applications
Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...
Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...
presentation ICT roal in 21st century education
presentation ICT roal in 21st century education
Rising Above_ Dubai Floods and the Fortitude of Dubai International Airport.pdf
Rising Above_ Dubai Floods and the Fortitude of Dubai International Airport.pdf
Introduction to Multilingual Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)
Introduction to Multilingual Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Apidays New York 2024 - The value of a flexible API Management solution for O...
Apidays New York 2024 - The value of a flexible API Management solution for O...
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Platformless Horizons for Digital Adaptability
Platformless Horizons for Digital Adaptability
Six Myths about Ontologies: The Basics of Formal Ontology
Six Myths about Ontologies: The Basics of Formal Ontology
Cloud Frontiers: A Deep Dive into Serverless Spatial Data and FME
Cloud Frontiers: A Deep Dive into Serverless Spatial Data and FME
Modular Monolith - a Practical Alternative to Microservices @ Devoxx UK 2024
Modular Monolith - a Practical Alternative to Microservices @ Devoxx UK 2024
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
Mcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Mcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Biography Of Angeliki Cooney | Senior Vice President Life Sciences | Albany, ...
Biography Of Angeliki Cooney | Senior Vice President Life Sciences | Albany, ...
Polkadot JAM Slides - Token2049 - By Dr. Gavin Wood
Polkadot JAM Slides - Token2049 - By Dr. Gavin Wood
T.damodaran
1.
1
ni-_vZ-am-°m-m-hmØ mhv 2012 am¿®v 28 ]I¬ ""............. s]s´∂v F√mw A´nadn-bp-∂p. At±lw Pohn-®n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ I≠n-s√∂v Sn- ®n-cp∂ Xt‚-Sßfn-te°v Iyma-dIfpw t]-Ifpw Iq´-tØmsS Ib-dn-bn-dßp-∂p. AXp-hsc - - - - tIƒ°mØ i_vZ-Øns‚ _m°n-]{Xw Xpd-∂p-tm-°p-∂p. ]d-b-s∏-´n-´n-√mØ `mj-bn¬ X¬k-abw Ia‚-dn-Iƒ XpS-ßp-∂p............'' CXv Zmtam-Z-c≥amÿ Fgp-Xn-h® Ah-km cwK-a-√, acn®p F∂v Dd-∏m-b-t∏mƒ Ac- tß-dnb cwK-am-Wv. amjv Pohn-®n-cnbv°p-tºmƒ Cßn-s-sbmcp cwKw S-°n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Bdp ]Xn-‰m≠p ]n∂n´ B s]mXp-Po-hnXw Hcn-°epw Hcp Iyma-d-tbbpw Hcp t]-tbbpw Cßs ASp-∏n-®n-´n-√. F∂m¬ B lrZbw ne® nan-j-Øns‚ NqSmdpw apºv kI-e-am- [y-a-ßfpw B PohnXw tXSn-sb-Øn. aXn-bmb tcJ-I-fn-√msX "tÃmdn-Iƒ' ]Wn-Xp. Nq≠p hnc-ens‚ IcpØv Hcm-bp-jv°mew Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® Ia-t‚-‰¿ ni_vZ-m-b-Xns‚ {]Jym- ]w X¬k-abw Ia‚-dn-bmbn ˛""cmjv{Sob knn-a-I-fpsS BNm-cy≥ Hm¿Ω-bm-bn...'' Cu cwKw amjv ]t£ ap≥Iq´n I≠n-cp-∂p. HSp-hn¬ Xs‚ ac-W-apJw ImWm-s- Øp-∂-h¿°mbn Xs‚ Ah-km-sØ Ia‚dn dnt°mUv sNbvXv ssa°n-eqsS tIƒ∏n-°- W-sa∂ B{Klw S-∂n√ F∂p-am-{Xw. tPm¨t]mƒ AS-°ap≈ kplr-Øp-°tfmSv CXp - - ]d-™p-h-®n-cp-∂p. "mh-S-°m-Ø'-hsc kaqlw ssIImcyw sNøp∂ hn[w Fß-s-bm- bn-cp-∂p F∂p Im´p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p amjns‚ e£yw. ""IrjvW]n≈ an≠m-Xm-hWsa-¶n¬ Abm-fpsS izmkw nebv°Ww''˛ Cu mSv (1982) - - - izmkw nebv°pw hscbpw amjn-s‚bpw mh-S-°m≥ B¿°p-am-bn-√. IY˛Xnc-°Y˛kw-`m-jWw-˛ Sn.-Zm-tam-Zc≥ F∂p sh≈n-Øn-cbn¬ sXfn-bp-tºmƒ IøSn - -- - - - - Db-cp∂ Xntb‰-dp-Iƒ F¨]-Xp-I-fpsS Hm¿Ω-bm-Wv. AXn-e-∏p-d-sam∂pw hn°o-]o-Un-b- bn¬ In´n-√. ]pXnb am[ya Po-hn-XØns‚ kq{X-hm-Iy-amb KqKn-fn¬ tm°n-bm¬ GXmpw - kq∏¿ln‰v knn-aIfpsS t]cp-IqSn In´n-tb-°pw. 90˛Ifnse am[ya-kvt^m-SØns‚ k¥- - - - - Xn-I-fmb Hcp Nm-ens‚ Iønepw amjns‚ Hcp Pohn-X-tc-Jbpw Hcn-°-ep-ap-≠m-bn-´n-√. Hcp tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-bnepw At±lw A`n--bn-°m≥ t]mbn-´n√. Hc-®Sn am[y-a-Øn-s‚bpw tiJ-c-Øn¬ amjv ]n∂n´ {Sm°p-I-fpsS Hcp I´n-ßp-t]m-ep-ap-≠mIn√. ΩpsS kI-e-am- [y-a-ß-fp-sSbpw Ifn-n-b-aßtfmSv C{Xbpw hn´p-ho-gvN-bn-√msX s]mcp-Xnb as‰mcp ae- bm-fnbpw C{Xbpw o≠ s]mXp-Po-hnXw bn-®p-Im-Wn-√. Hcp tXm‰ ap-jy--√m-bn-cp∂p Sn. Zmtam-Z-c≥. 1956 hw-_¿ H∂nv A∂sØ anI® bqn-th-gvkn‰n AXve‰v F∂ nebv°v tIc-f-∏n-d-hn-bpsS hnf°v sImfp-Øp-hmp≈ Zo]- in- J - b v s °m∏w HmSn- Ø p- S - ß n- b - X m- W v . ]ns∂ amm- © nd ssaXm- sØ {Xkn- ∏ n® ^pSvt_mƒsπb¿, eoKnse Xmc-am-bn-cp∂ {_tZgvkv Soans‚ kwLm-S-I-≥, ske-IvS¿, Kme-dn-Isf Cf-°n-a-dn® d^-dn, Ifn-I-fpsS D≈p-I-fn-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n® tIm®v, t{imXm-°sf Nm¬Im-eØnp apºv tdUn-tbm°p apºn¬ ]nSn-®n-cp-Ønb BIm-ihm-Wn-bnse dÆnwKv - - Iat‚‰¿, aq∂v ]Xn-‰m≠v Imbn-I£aXbp≈ in£y-KWßsf hm¿sØ-SpØ {Un¬amÿ, - - - - - - Ifn-n-ba߃ {]N-cn-∏n®v ^pSvt_m-fn-s-bpw, _mkv°‰vt_mfn-s-bpw, thmfn-t_m-fn-sbpw - - sIm≠mSnb ae-bm-f-Ønse kvt]m¿Svkv tP¿W-enkØns‚ XpS-°-°m-cn-sem-cmƒ, tImgn- t°mSv tdUntbm tÃj≥ h∂-Imew apX¬ Ahn-SsØ ÿncw B¿´n-Ãv, S≥, mS-I-Ir- Øv, Kmb-I≥, ae-_m-dns‚ mS-I-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ hgn-Øn-cn-hp-Iƒ krjvSn® s{]m^-j-W¬ mSIßfpsS Aa-c-°m-c≥, mS-tIm-’h kwLm-S-I≥, {]Pm tkmjy-enÃv ]m¿´n {]Nm-
2.
2 c-I≥, IΩyq-Wn-Ãv, IΩyq-WnÃv
hna¿i-I≥, 60˛-I-fn¬ ae-bmf knn-a-bn¬ thmŸm-- sa-Øn® knn-aIfpsS AWn-bd{]-h¿Ø-I≥, S≥, kXy-PnØv tdbpsS "]tY¿ ]m©men' - - - - bpsS shfn®w BZy-ambn tImgn-t°m-s´-Øn-b-t∏mƒ AXnv X¬k-abw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ dÆnßv Ia‚dn Hcp-°nb ^neow skmssk‰n {]h¿Ø-I≥, G‰hpw HSp-hn¬ 80-˛-I-fpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ aebmf knn-a°v P-Iob cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ ASn-Ød ]WnX Xnc-°-Ym-Ir- Øv, Fgp-]-XpIfpsS A¥ywhsc XpS¿∂ knn-a-bnse H‰mb-I k¶-ev]-ßsf _lpkz- c-[m-c-bn-te°v tamNn-∏n® ""CumSn''s‚ Ne-®n{X inev]n-, acn-®-hcpw Pohn-®n-cn-∏p-≈-h-cp- amb hn{K-l-ßsf DS-®p-sIm-t≠bn-cp∂ hmsamgnNcn-{X-Im-c≥, acWw hscbpw Xf-cmØ bp‡n-hm-Zn, acn-®mepw Hcp I¿Ω-ßfpw ]mSn-s√∂v a°sf ap≥Iq´n ]d-t™-ev]n® A—≥˛ Sn.-Zm-tam-Z-c≥amÿ Ncn{Xw Iøn-se-SpØv S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. B-chw apg-°n-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Kme-dn-Iƒ F∂pw amjnv Np‰pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]e hnIm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw t]m¿ap-J-߃ amjv AhnsS tcn-´p. F∂pw Hcmƒ°q-´sØ B t]cphln®p. tIcfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr-`q-an-bmbn amdnb C°gn™ Bdp ]Xn-‰m-≠n¬ ae-bmfn Ifn® Hcp-hn[w Ifn-IfpsSsbms° d^-dn-bm-bn-cp∂p Zmtam-Z-c≥am-jv. ssaXm-- Ønepw cmjv{So-b-Ønepw knn-a-bnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw nXy-Po-hn-X-Ønepw am[y-a-ß-fn- ep-sam-s° Ac-tß-dp∂ Ifn-Iƒ°v D®-Øn¬ hnkn-eqXn ^uƒ hnfn-°m≥ amjv F∂pw HmSn-s°m-t≠-bn-cp-∂p. kz¥w sNbvXn-IfpsS `hn-jy-Øp-Isf `b-∂tX-bn-√. F{X Acn™p - - hogvØm≥ tm°n-bn´pw B mhv n»-_vZ-am-bn-√. ]d-®n-e-S-ßmØ B mhv ImcWw Ncn- {X-Øns‚ hcm-¥-I-fn¬ n∂p-t]mepw Xs‚ t]cv ssZh-߃ XpS-®p-am-‰n-b-t∏mgpw amjv Ipep-ßn-b-tX-bn-√. hmsamgn Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ ]d-®n-em-bn-cp∂p amjns‚ Ie. Hm¿Ω-bm-bn-cp∂p G‰hpw henb _ew. XocmØ kwi-b-ß-fp-ambn Ncn-{X-Øn-te°v B≠n-d-ßm≥ CX-t±-lsØ t{]cn-∏n-®p. Ncn-{X-an-Yy- Iƒ D≠m-hp-∂sXßssb∂v Npgn™p ]cn-tim-[n®psImt≠-bn-cp-∂p. teJ-tam ]pkvX- - Itam Fgp-Xm≥ th≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ AXv. adn®v Adn-hns hntam-N--Øns‚ sImSn-b-S- bm-f-am-°m-p≈ t]mcm-´-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. C¥y°v kzmX{¥yw tSn-Ø∂Xn¬ Km‘n-tb-°mƒ ]¶p-h-ln-®Xv c≠mw-tem-I-bp- ≤-Øns‚ KXn-am-‰n-adn® Ãmenpw N¿®n-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw djy≥ hnπ-hØntem tkmhn- - - b‰v bqWn-b≥ sI´n-∏Sp-°p-∂Xntem senv Hcp ]¶p-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ^nZ¬ Imkvt{Sm- - - bpsS kzP--]-£-]mXam-bn-cp∂p sN Kp-thcsb Iyq_-bn¬ n∂pw HmSn-®-sX∂pw Ãmen- t-°mƒ henb Iq´-s°meIƒ°v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-bXv amthm-bpsS ssN-bm-sW∂pw F√m hnπ-h-ßfpw cmjv{Sob FXn-cm-fn-Isf i{Xp-°-fmbn ap{Z-IpØn Iq´-s°me sNbvX-Xns‚ IqSn Ncn-{X-am-sW∂pw C¥y≥ hn`-P--Im-eØv Pn∂-bpsS tXr-Xz-Øn¬ Ac-tß-dnb "tSm´¬ B£≥' F∂ Iq´-s°m-e-bpsS Ncn{Xw Km‘n-b-S-°-ap≈ F√m-hcmepw aqSn-h- bv°s∏´ A[ym-bam-sW∂pw Km‘n-h[w AXns‚ XpS¿®-bm-sW∂pw Awt_-Zv°sd Ncn- - - {X-Øn¬ n∂pw AI-‰n-n¿Øn-b-Xn¬ Km‘n-b-S-°-ap≈ kh¿Æ-tIm¨{K v tXrXzw Ip‰-I-c-amb KqVm-tem-N Im´n-sb∂pw ]p∂-{]-h-b-em-dns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ n∂pw A∂- hnsS ]m¿´n sk{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ Ip¥-°mc≥ ]t{Xm-kns njv°mkw sNbvX Ip‰- Øn¬ n∂pw ]n¬°m-eØv AXns‚ Xe-sXm-´-∏∑mcm-b-h¿°v c£-s∏-Sm-m-hn-s√∂pw tIc-f-Øn¬ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-I-fnse t{SUv bqWn-b≥ apX-em-fnØw ChnsS hf¿∂Xv Ah¿ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ ]¶p-°-®-h-S-°m-cm-bXn-mem-sW∂pw tIcf Ncn-{XsØ hgn- Xn-cn-®p-hn-´Xv "1921'se kw`-h-hn-Im-k-߃ BsW∂pw tIcfw C∂p `cn-bv°p-∂Xv ]W-am- sW∂pw ]W-amWv cmjv{So-b°m-cpsS aq¿Øn-sb∂pw amjv Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿßƒ km£n-bm°n - - In´nb kμ¿`-ß-fn-sems° ]d--™p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p.
3.
3
tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ XI¿∂-t∏mƒ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n B¿tI-hns‚ Npa-X-e-bp- ≠m-bn-cp∂ Ncn-{X-Im-c-mb P-d¬ Znan{Xn thmƒ°-t·mhv BZy-ambn B¿tIhv tcJ- Iƒ ]pd-Øp-hn-´p-sIm≠v Xøm-dm-°nb sen-s‚bpw Ãmen-s‚bpw t{SmSvkvIn-bp-sS-bpw _rlXvPohNcn-{X-{K-Ÿ-߃ hmbn®v Xm≥ ]Xn-‰m-≠p-IƒsIm≠v FØn-t®¿∂ hmZ-ap-J- ߃°v amjv ASn-h-c-bn-´p. Ncn-{X-Ønv Fs∂-¶nepw tcns‚ hgntb FØm-Xn-cn-bv°m- m-hn-s√∂ {]Xo£ At±lw ssIhn-SmsX n∂p. h¿jß-tfmfw A®-Sn-bn-en-√m-Xn-cp∂ aptkm-fn-n-bpsS acp-a-Is‚ ""knbmtm Ub-dn- °p-dn-∏p-Iƒ'' ]pd-Øn-dßn-sb∂v Adn™ DS≥ e≠-n-ep≈ Xs‚ _‘p hgn AXp kwL- - Sn-∏n®v Bth-i-tØmsS amjv AXn¬ ]c-Xn-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv tkzm—m-[n-]-Xn-I-fpsS ]X-- sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kz¥w Dƒ°m-gv®-Iƒ Xs∂-bmtWm aptkm-fn-n-bpsS Imcy-Ønepw kw`- hn-®Xv F∂-dn-bm-m-bn-cp-∂p. temI-Ønse GXp m´n-sebpw GIm-[n-]-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ {KŸ-߃ hne-s°m-SpØv hmßn Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p∂ tPmen Hcp nXy-m`ym-k-am-bn- cp∂p amjv°v. cm{Xn At±-l-Ønv Dd-ßp-hm≥ D≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXv hmb-°pw Fgp- Ønpw D≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. D®-bm-bn-cp∂p amjns‚ Dd-°-k-a-bw. hn{K-l-ß-fpsS {]Xn-Im-cw -apJw tm°mØ hn{K-l`RvPI-m-bn-cp-∂p -Zm-tam-Z-c≥am-ÿ. hn{K-l-߃ XI¿°p- ∂-Xn¬ Akm-[m-c-W-am-sbmcp Bμw amjv Ap--`-hn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu {ia-Øns‚ `mK-amWv Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ hn{K-l-ß-sfbpw Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ssIIƒsIm≠v Xs∂ DS-°p-hm-p≈ {ia-߃. F∂m¬ CXnv Xncn-®-Sn-Iƒ `b-¶-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. Bfl-an-{X-߃t]mepw amsj Hcp thZn ]¶n-Sm≥ £Wn-bv°m≥ `b-∂p. amjv F¥mWv ]d-bm≥ t]mIp-∂sX∂v B¿°pw- {]h-Nn-°m-m-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n√˛""amsj ]nSn-®m¬ In´n-√, kq£n-°Ww'' ˛ D‰an{X-߃t]mepw AS°w ]d-™p. kp{]-[m thZn-I-fn¬ n∂pw amsj Ah¿ hn´p-]n-Sn-®p. F∂m¬ In´nb Ah-k-c-ß-fn-sems° GXv kwLm-S-I-scbpw Aºc-∏n-®p-sIm≠v amjv Xs∂-°p-dn®v Ah¿°p≈ `bw icn-h-®p. apJm-ap-J-Ønv Xs∂ tXSn-sb-Ønb Hmtcm ]{X/Nm¬ teJ-I-tcmSpw amjv hyh- ÿ-Iƒ h®p ˛ ""Fs‚ Hmtcm anp´npw C{X cq]-h®v thWw. ]ns∂ Rm≥ ]d-bp-∂- sXm∂pw sh´msX sImSp°pw F∂ Dd∏pw thWw''˛ Hcp ]{X-Ønpw Hcp Nm-enpw kΩ-Xn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ ]‰mØ hyh-ÿ-bm-bn-cp∂p A-Xv. Bdp ]Xn-‰m-≠p-°mew ]e ne- I-fnepw s]mXp-Po-hnXw bn® Hcmƒ kI-e-am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ n∂pw AI-∂p-t]m-b-Xns‚ Hcp ImcWw Chn-sS-bm-Wv. IqSmsX At±lw ]d-bm≥ D±-in-°p-∂Xv GXp-Xcw A{]n-b-k- Xy-ß-fmWv F∂-dn-bp-∂-h-cm-Is´ ASp-°m-sX-bp-am-bn. hn{K-l`RvPIpw hn{K-l-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ bp≤-Øn¬ am[y--a-߃ ]qPm-hn-{K-l-߃s°m∏w n∂p F∂p am{Xw. DS™hn-{K-l-߃ Cu Ncn-{X-Øn¬ G‰hpw ]d-b-s∏-´Xpw F∂m¬ Hcn-°epw A®-Sn-bv°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xp- amb A[ym-b-amWv amjns‚ "DS-™-hn-{K-l-߃'. 60˛IfpsS XpS-°-Øn-emWv amjns‚ Cu mSIw BZy-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AsXmcp shfn-®-∏m-Sns‚ PohnX Zpc-¥- Øns‚ Bhn-jv°m-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-`‡ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-bpsS Iq´m-bva-bm-bn-cp∂ ao©¥ Iem-km-K¿ ayqknIv ¢_ns‚ Poh-m-Un-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v amjv. Iq´nv _m_p- cmPpw tImgn-t°mSv A_vZpƒ JmZdpw Imknw-`m-bp-sams°bp≠v. F∂m¬ ]m¿´n-bnse ]nf¿∏v Iem-km-Kdns n›-eam-°n-bt∏mƒ mS-Ihpw n∂p-t]m-bn. ]m¿´n-s°-Xnsc i_vZ- - - - ap-b¿Øp∂ shfn-®-∏m-Sns‚ aIs‚ cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ XncpØp hcp-Øn-bm¬ mSIw Gs‰- Sp-°m-sa∂v C.-Fw.-Fkv n¿t±-in-s®-¶nepw amjnXv kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]n∂oSv BZym-
4.
4 h-X-c-W-Ønv h¿j-߃°ptijw Fgp-]-XpI-fpsS
XpS-°-Øn¬ _me≥ sI mb-cpsS kp`mjv Xnb-t‰gvkv ""DS™ hn{K-l-߃'' Gs‰-Sp-Øp. F∂m¬ ]p-c-h-X-c-W-Øns‚ {U v dntl-gvk¬ Imºn¬ h®v S∂ as‰mcp Xncp-ج n¿t±iw tImgn-t°m-S≥ kulr- Z-ßfn¬ krjvSn® hn≈-ep-IfpsS {]Xym-LmXw IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p amjns‚ ]n≥°me Pohn- - - Xw. "DS™ hn{K-l-ß-fn'¬ shfn-®-∏mSv Xs‚ ]qPm-hn-{K-l-amb tZhn°v ap∂n¬ kz¥w Xe sh´n-s]m-fn®v tNmc Xp∏n acn-°p-∂Xm-bn-cp∂p ss¢am-Ivkv. F∂m¬ AXv dn∏ƒkohmb - ss¢am-Ivkm-sW∂pw am‰-Wsa-∂p-w ]d™p Xncp-Øn-®Xv DS-bm≥ hn{K-lßfp-≈Xp-sIm≠v - - - - Cnbpw Ncn-{X-am-bn-´n-√. kz¥w mS-I-Øns‚ "hniz-cq]w' kpcm-kp-hns‚ t]cn¬ ]pc-kv°m-c-߃ tSn-b-X- dn™v tamjvSm-hns tXSn tImgn-t°ms´Øn F√m-h-cpw "Aev]w sshIn-t∏mbn' F∂v ssI ae¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ t] IpØn-bp-S®v Cn Fgp-Xp-I-tb-bn-s√∂p i]Yw sNbvXv Fgp- Øn¬ n∂pw Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn ]n≥hm-ßnb B‚Wn F∂ ]mhw mS-I-Ir-Øns‚ Zpc-t¥-Xn-lmkw Bh¿Øn-°p-∂-Xnv ]Icw Zmtam-Z-c-≥amÿ sNbvXXv hm°ns‚ Bh- m-gn-bnse Ah-km Akv{X-ßfpsaSpØv knn-a-bn¬ ]pXnb Ncn{Xw krjvSn-°p-I-bm- bn-cp∂p. ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v tijw s¬k¨ s^¿Wm-≠kv Xs‚ "mSI cmhp-Iƒ' Fgp- Xp-tºm-gmWv B‚-Wn-bpsS "hniz-cq]w' Fßns kpcm-kp-hn-s‚-Xmbn F∂ kXyw kaIm- eo ae-bmfw hmcnI ]pd-Ødn-bn-bv°p-∂Xv. XpS¿∂v B Ncn-{X-Ønv km£n-bmb Blzm≥ - - sk_m-Ãypw AXp icn-h-®p. h¿§o-kns shSn-sh®v sIm∂Xv cma-N{μ≥ mb-cm-sW∂v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øep-≠m-Ip-∂Xv hsc B Ncn{Xw as‰m-∂m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv t]mse-bm-Wv kmlnXy - Ncn-{X-ßfpw. Cuiz-c-hm-cy-cpsS aI≥ c‡-km£n cmPs Bcv Dcp-´n-s°m-∂p-sh∂pw arX-tZlw F¥p-sN-bvsX∂pw Cnbpw Bcpw shfn-s∏-´p-Øn-bn-√m-ØXv sIm≠v AXnnbpw Ncn-{X-am-Im≥ ImØp-In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv. DS-™-hn-{Kl߃ krjvSn-® cmKtZz-jy-ß-fpsS Ae-sbm-en-Iƒ efn-X-ambncp∂n√. ae-_mdnse mS-INcn{Xw amXr-`qan BgvN∏Xn-∏n¬ Xnt°m-Sn-b‚ "Ac-ßp-Im-WmØ S≥' - - - - - F∂ Bfl-I-Y-bm-b-t∏mƒ Sn.-Zm-tam-Zc≥ F∂ hm°v t]mepw AXn¬ n∂pw Hgn-hm-°- s∏-´p. CXnv Xnt°m-Sn-b≥ Xm≥ IqSn Dƒs∏´ mS-I-N-cn-{X-Ønse A]q¿Δ A[ym-b- amWv ad-®p-h-®-Xv. AXv Fw.Snbpw sI.-Snbpw Xnt°m-Sn-bpw Sn.Zm-tam-Z-cpw FgpXn amjv Ah-X-cn-∏n® "hgn-b-ºew' F∂ mS-I-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-am-Wv. kz¥w ac-W-Ønp apºv "hgn- b-ºe' Øns‚ n¿Ωm-Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ Blzm≥ sk_m-Ãys‚ Bfl-IYbn-eq-sS-bmWv AXv - - A®-Sn-°-s∏´ Ncn-{X-am-Ip-∂-Xv. knn-a-bn-te°v hcpw-ap-ºp≈ mS-I-h¿j-ß-fn¬ Sn.-Zm-tam-Z-c≥ FgpXn Ah-X-cn-∏n® mSI߃ nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. _me≥ sI.mb¿, IpXnch´w ]∏p, Ip™m-h, Ip™m-≠n, B¿.-sI.mb¿, s√n-t°mSv `mkvI-c≥, hmkp-{]-Zo-]v, im¥m-tZ-hn, a®m´v hmk-¥n, hnem- kn-n, _m_p-cm-Pv, tImgn-t°mSv A_vZpƒ JmZ¿ XpS-ßnb henb Iq´m-bva-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv. s{]m^-k¿ Cuiz-c-hm-cy-cpsS ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-bn¬ c‡-km-£n-bmb aI≥ cmP≥ amjns‚ "ng¬' B¿.-C.kn bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. A∂v tImgn-t°mSv Kh¨sa‚ v B¿Svkv tImtf-Pn¬ A[ym-]-I-m-bn-cp∂ Cuiz-c-hm-cy¿ amjns‚ Ab¬°m-c-m-bn-cp- ∂p. cmPs‚ ]cn-Wm-a-ßfpw Zpc-¥-ßfpw amjv tcn-´p-I-≠p. ]n∂oSv `c-X≥ kwhn-[mw sNbvX "CØncn∏qth Nph∂ ]qth'bpw sF.-hn.-i-in-°p-th≠n "Bh-mgn'bpw Fgp-Xn-b- t∏mƒ Cu Ap-`-h-߃ amjv AXn-te°v sIm≠p-h-∂p. amjns‚ Hcp mS-Ihpw C∂phscbpw A®-Sn-°s∏-´n-´n√. Fgp-Xnb F√m mS-Ißfpw - - F√m Xnc-°-Y-Ifpw ac-Ww-h-scbpw a-∏m-Tambn-cp-∂p amjn-v. c≠p-Xcw kmln-Xy-amWv ap-°p-≈-sX∂ kn≤m¥w amjn-p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A®Sn kmln-Xyhpw A®-Sn-°s∏SmØ
5.
5 kmln-Xyhpw. IhnX {_m“-W≥,
tmh¬ £{Xn-b≥, IY sshiy¿, mSIw ip{Z≥. Xnc- °-Ybpw a‰p-sams° Zfn-X-nepw Xmsg. Hcp mS-Ihpw kz¥w t]cn¬ kz¥w Pohn-X-°m- eØv A®-Sn-bv°m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ tIcf kwKoX mSI A°m-Z-an-bpsSbpw kmln- Xy-A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS-bp-sams° IÆnepw IW-°nepw amjv Fgp-Øp-°m-c-t-b√. At±-l- Øns‚ arX-tZ-l-Øn¬ Hcp doØv h°p-∂-Xn¬ n∂p-t]mepw Ah¿ kzX-{¥-cm-bn-cp-∂p. tm th°≥kn, Bcy≥ Am-cy≥ (-]n-∂oSv "Bcy≥' F∂ knn-a-bm-bn) bpK-k-‘n, ng¬, DS™ hn{K-l-߃ F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p amjns‚ {][m mS-I-߃. kXys‚ £Ww F¨]-Xp-I-fpsS Hcp kp{]-`m-X-Øn¬ knn-a-bpsS "AßmSn' bnte°v Ib-dn-h∂ Hcm-f√ Zmtam-Z-c≥ amÿ. 1960 Ifn¬ BIm-i-hm-Wn-bn¬ ]n.`mkvI-c≥ am-Ãdpw t_∏q- cn¬ ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jodpw tImgn-t°m-S≥ knn-abpsS X-esXm-´∏mb F.-hn≥k‚ v - - - - amÃ-dp-sams°bmbn-cp∂p amjns‚ If-cn-bnse Kpcp-°-∑m¿. tImgn-t°ms´ anTmbnsØcp- hn¬ A∂v c≠v kmw-kvIm-cnI tI{μ-ßfp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. "]oXmw-_¿ ÃpUntbm' hn¬ ]oXmw- - _-cpw "ho‰v lukn'¬ ap√-ho-´n¬ A_vZpƒ dlvam≥ kmln-_p-am-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ tImgn-t°m-S≥ kmwkvIm-cnI Pohn-X-Øn‚ tKmUv^m-Z¿am¿. amjv c≠p-t]cp-sSbpw k¥Xkl-Nm-cn-bpw. 1965 ¬ `mkvIc≥ amjns‚ "iyma-f-t®®n' bnemWv BIm-i-hmWn kulr-Z-Øns‚ _e-Øn¬ amjv thj-an-Sp-∂Xv. 1967 ¬ F.-hn≥k‚ v amÃ-dpsS "K-cta μn' bn¬ s{IUn‰v - ssen¬ So-S∑m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Zmap-amjv F∂ t]cp-h∂p. t{]wko-dns‚ Ap-Ps‚ - - thj-am-bn-cp∂p AXn¬. AXns‚ A°m-esØ ncq]-W-ß-fn-sem-∂n¬ kvt]mSvkv teJ- I-mb Zmap-amjpw thj-an-´n-´p≠v F∂m-bn-cp∂p ]cm-a¿iw. 1969 ¬ ]n.-F≥.ta-tms‚ "Hmfhpw Xochpw' F∂ Nn{X-Øn¬ a[p-hntmsSm∏w amjv thj-an´p.1974 ¬ Bkm-Zns‚ "]mXn-cmhpw ]I¬ shfn-®hpw' F∂ -Nn-{X-Øn¬ kpIp-am-cv h®-thjw A{]-Xo-£n-X- ambn kpIp-am-c≥ Nn{X-ap-t]-£n®p t]mb-t∏mƒ amjv FSp-ØWn-™p˛t{]w-ko-dn-s‚bpw - P-b-`m-c-Xn-bpsSbpw aI-m-bn. D‰-an-{X-am-bn-cp∂p ]q ^nenw -C≥Ãn-‰yq-´n¬ n∂pw BZy- ambn tKmƒUv sa-U-ep-ambn h∂ Bkm-Zv. Bkm-Zns‚ Pohn-Xhpw ac-Whpw Adn-bp-am-bn- cp∂ Ah-km-sØ Bfp-I-fn-sem-cmƒ. "n¿Ωmey' Øns‚ sSpw-Xq-Wm-bn-cp∂p Bkm- Zv. At±-l-Øns‚ Bfl-lXy Hcp thZ--bmbn amjv Pohn-Xm¥yw hsc sIm≠p S-∂p. aΩp-´n-sbms° XmmZyw h∂Xv Fw.SnbpsS "hn¬°m-p≠v kz]vßfn'eqsS-bmWv F∂p -- ]d-bp-tºmƒ at‰Xv Ncn-{X-Ønepw knn-asb kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ Ie-bm°p-∂-h¿ kwhn-[m- b-I≥ Bkm-Zns hnkva-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ amjv tcmjw ]q≠n-cp-∂p. kplrØv ap√-ho-´n¬ A_vZpƒ dlvam≥ kmln-_ns sIm∂v h[-in-£bv°v hn[n- bv°-s∏´ as‰mcp kplrØv apl-ΩZv {km¶ns‚ Ah-km--a-Wn-°q-dp-Isf BhnjvI-cn® amjns‚ tZi-t]m-jnWn°p th≠n sNbvX "ng¬' (1967) F∂ mSIw I≠ A-iz-c-- S≥ kXy≥ amÃ-dmWv AXv lcn-l-c-s-s°m≠v Xn-°p-th≠n kwhn-[mw sNøn-°m- mbn Hsc-gp-Øp-°m-cs∂ ne°v amsj BZy-ambn aZn-cm-in-bn-te°v £Wn-°p-∂-Xv. N¿®-Iƒs°mSp-hn¬ AXv knn-a-bm-bn-s√-¶nepw 1975 ¬ lcn-lc≥ Xs∂-bmWv amsj Xnc-°Ysb-gpXn-bv°m≥ aZn-cm-in-bn-te°v ho≠pw hnfn-®p-hcp-Øp-∂Xv. t{]wko-dns mb- - - - - I-m°n euam-tcPpw (75), AΩnWn AΩm-hpw (76) Aßs ]nd-∂p. lcn-l-c≥ Xs∂ ssI]n-Sn®v Fgp-Xn-°p-Ibm-bn-cp∂p F∂v amjv {]mb-Øn¬ Cf-bhmb Kpcp-hns kvtl- - - - tØmsS F∂pw D≈n¬ sIm≠p--S-∂p. 1980 se "AßmSn' bpsS hc-thmsS Sn.-Zm-tam-Z-c≥ knn-a-bnse apJy-[m-c-°v KXn-am‰n F∂Xv Ncn-{Xw.
6.
6
""F¨]-Xp-Iƒ'' F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ Ne-®n{XNcn-{X-߃ s]mXp-hn¬ hyh-l-cn-°p- ∂Xv AXv B¿´vkvIqfn¬ hcp∂ kwhn-[m-b-I-cp-sS knn-a-I-fp-sS Ime-am-bm-Wv. A®-Sn- °-s∏´ GXv Ne-®n{XNcn-{X-Ønepw Ap-_-‘-ambn am{Xw `c-X≥, ]fl-cm-P≥, sI.-Pn.- tPm¿÷v F∂o t]cp-Iƒ IqSn tN¿°pw. F∂m¬ ae-bmf knn-a-bpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Htc- k-abw G‰hpw hyXykvXXcw [mc-Iƒ Htc-k-a-bØv knn-asb kº-∂-am-°nb Ime-am- bn-cp∂p AXv. Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xn-bXv apgp-hpw Hcp [mc-bpsS h‡m-°ƒ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp- sIm≠v AXv kzm`m-hn-Iambpw a‰p [mc-Isf HXp-°n-∏dbp-Itbm sNdp-Xm-°n-°fbp-Itbm - - - - - sNbvXp. lcn-l-cpw tPmjnbpw tamlpw ^mknepw Iaepw {]nb-Z¿ipw kn_n-a-e- bnepw kXy≥ A¥n-°mSpw {ion-hm-kpw lcn-Ip-amdpw Hs° kz¥w temIw krjvSn® Imew IqSnbm-WXv. AtX-°m-eØv Xs∂-bmWv sF.-hn.-iinbpw Sn.-Zm-tam-Zcpw IqSn knn- - - - asb cmjv{So-bh¬°-cn® Hcp [mc ChnsS D¬Lm-Sw sNbvXXv. GXv knn-a°pw AXns‚ - - cmjv{So-b-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ iinbpw amjpw sNbvXXv knn-asb P-Iobcmjv{Sob kwhm-Z- Øns‚ Ac-ßm-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. "CumSv' ]pdØndßn 25 h¿jØnp tijamWv tUm. sI tKm]nmYnst∏msemcp Ne®n{XNn¥Iv Ign™Im¬pddm≠nse aebmf knnam Ncn{XØn¬ hgnØncnhv krjvSn® knnabmbncp∂p AsX∂v Is≠ØmmbXv ˛ "" aΩp´n F∂ Ss‚ Actßddw {]Jym]n°p∂p F∂Xv am{Xa√ At±lØns‚ ]n¬°me Nn{XßfpsSbpw s]mXphn¬ aebmfknnabpsS Xs∂bpw {]tab߃ "CumSv' XpS°an´ ZnibpsSbmWv hnIkn®Xv ˛ F∂mWv tKm]n 2004se aΩp´n ]T--Øn¬ D¬tLmjn®Xv. AsXmcp ]pXnb Imcya√. 1982¬ Xs∂ tIcfØnse km[mcW Ne®n{X{t]anIƒ°v a nemb Imcyw KthjI¿ Im¬p‰m≠nptijw Is≠Øn F∂p am{Xw. At∏mgpw AXv krjvSn-®-Xmcv Fs∂-gp- Xm≥ tKm]n-bpsS t] kΩ-Xn-bv°p-∂n-√. A∂h¿°v AXv ImWmmhn√mbncp∂p. ImcWw H‰[mcbpsS htcWyX AhcpsS IÆpIfn¬ A‘- X - b m- b n _m[n® Imeambncp∂p AXv. C∂pw AXp apgphpw amdn F∂√ . F¶nepw ]gb htcWyXbpsS A{]k‡n Imew Ahsc t_m[ys∏SpØns°mt≠bncn°p∂p F∂pam{Xw. "CumSv ' krjv S n® hgnØncnhv {]tabßfnse D¬LmSßfn¬ am{Xa√˛ ""BZyambn Hcp aebmf knna dneokv sNbvX F´ptI{μßfn¬ 125 Znhkw HmSnb dn°m¿Uv "CumSnv' e`n®p'' ˛ CXv km£ys∏SpØp∂ aebmfØnse Gddhpw XeapXn¿∂ Ne®n{Xn¿ΩW IºnbpsS DSa IqSnbmbp Pntbmaqhnkns‚ kmcYn F≥.Pn.tPm¨ Xs‚ "Rmpw knnabpw 70 h¿j߃' F∂ {KŸØneqsSbmWv . saIvkn°≥ kwhn[mbImb Aenbmt{μm tKm¨km¬hkv Cmdn‰phns‚ _mt_¬ (2006) I≠ph∂v IYm]m{XßfpsS Nne¥nhe t]mep≈ ]ckv]c_‘w I≠v hnkvabw ]q≠v ""tm¨eonbdmb'' Xnc°Ysb°pdn®v Bthiw sIm≈p∂ knnabnse ]pXnb kvIqƒ Ip´nIƒ 1982 Xs∂ ChnsS Ncn{Xw krjvSn® "CumSn's‚ LS Fs¥∂v ImWpIsbm tIƒ°pItbmt]mepw sNømØhcmsW∂v ΩpsS Ne®n{X ncq]WØns‚ Ncn{Xw sXfnhp ¬Ipw. kn.Fkv.sh¶ntSizcst∏mep≈ HutZymKnI Ne®n{X ncq]I¿ s^Ãnh¬ _p°pIƒ hgnbpw ]pkvXI߃ hgnbpw kwhmZ߃ hgnbpw krjvSn°p∂ GIamamb Ne®n{XImgvN°v Hcn°epw ImWmmhsX t]mbXv knnabpsS Cu _-lp-kz-c-[m-c-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. CXnv Imc-W-hp-ap-≠v. knn-a-bpsS Cu htcWyX XpS°an´ Ne®n{X ncp]Icmb knn°v˛mZn¿j˛ tImgnt°mS≥ {XbßfpsS kzP]£]mXßfpsS XpS¿®bmbmWv ChnsS Ne®n{X ncq]Ww hnIkn®p t]m∂Xv. HSphn¬ amjv acnbvt°≠nh∂p kn.Fkv.sh¶ntSizcv At±lw ChnsS krjvSn®Xv F¥mbncp∂p F∂v Hcpkv a cWØnse¶nepw ]dbm≥ HcnSap≠mh≥. (lnμp
7.
7 Zn]{XØn¬ amjns‚ acWm¥cw
kckzXn FgpXnb ^o®dnse D≤cWnIƒ). 2010 se sF.F^v.F^v.sI.bnse kn.Fkv.sh¶ntSizc≥ FUnddv sNbvX s^Ãnh¬ _p°n¬ amjns‚ ""ImddsØ Infn°qSn''s‚ Xnc°Ym AhImiw tPm¨t]mfnv A®Sn®p sImSpØXv t]mep≈ ]niIpIƒ bmZr›nIambp≠mIp∂X√ . htcWyXIƒ temIsØ tm°p∂ hn[amWXneqsS ]pdØphcp∂Xv . IYm]m{XßfpsS Hcmƒ°p´ØnpXs∂ amjns‚ Xnc°YIfnepsS Actßdn. F∂m¬ Cu Bƒ°q´Ønse Hmtcmhy‡n°pw Hmtcm PnhnXhpw a pw sImSp°m≥ B FgpØnmbn. sF.hn.iinbpsS "C∂s√¶n¬ msf' "1921', "hm¿Ø', "Bhmgn', "ASn-a-Iƒ DS-a-Iƒ', aWncXvØns‚ "DWcq', `c-Xs‚ "Im‰sØ Infn-°q-Sv', "CØn-cn- ∏qth Nph∂ ]qth', {]nbZ¿is‚ "Bcy≥', "A`nayp', "AssZzXw', "Imem]mn', XpSßnb nch[n Nn{Xßfn¬ Ncn{Xw PohnXßfneqsS shfn]mSpIƒ SØn . PohnXw nfmZn°cbneqsS am{Xa√ HgpIp∂sX∂v AXv {]Jym]n®p. I√mbn]pgbpsS CcpIcIfnsebpw AßmSnIfnse IqenIfpsSXv IqSnbmWv AsX∂v sXfnbn®p. sh≈n- Øn-c-bn¬ Fgp-Xnb cmjv{So-b-Po-hn-X-Ncn-{X-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. A—≥ ASnb¥cmhÿ°v tijap≈ amμyØn¬ n∂pw tIcfob PohnXsØbpw Iymºknsbpw DW¿ØnbXn¬ henb ]¶phln® lrkzIme {]ÿmambncp∂p P-Iob kmwkvIm-cn-Ith-Zn. PIobhnNmcW t]mep≈ A]q¿Δamsbmcp kacq]w AXv - F√m A]Nb߃°psaXnsc apt∂m´ph®p. Cu Du¿÷w aebmfnsb Nen∏n® ImeØns‚ sh≈nØncbnse cmjv{Sobhnkvabambncp∂p. B knn-a-Iƒ. CSXv heXv cmjv { Snb A]- N - b - ß sf Htc- t ]mse FXn- c n- S p∂ cmjv { Sobw AXv apt∂m´ph®p. aebmfknnabn¬ AXnpap≥]pw ]n≥]pw CØcsamcp Imgv®∏mSv IrXyamb cmjv{Sob t_m[tØmsS AhXcn∏n°s∏´n´n√. ΩpsS B¿´vlukv knnaIƒ s]mXphn¬ cmjv{Sob]m¿´nIƒ°v ap∂n¬ ]cp-ßn-n-∂n-S-ØmWv Sn.-Z-mtam-Z-c≥ knn-a-Iƒ P-hn-Im-c- ߃ Agn-®p-hn-Sp∂ cmjv{Sob knn-a-bpsS apJw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ sh´n-Øp-d-∂-Xv. GXv tImgn-t°m´p°mc-tbpwt]mse "Aßm-Sn'-bpsS IYmImcs amjv F∂v hnfn-®n-cp∂ Fs∂ 1991˛¬ aqØ-a-Iƒ ZoZnsb hnhmlw n›bn®tXmsS amjv XncpØn ˛ Cn o Fs∂ Aßns hnfnbv t °≠m A—s∂p hnfn®m¬ aXn' ˛ ]ns∂ Ign™ 22h¿jw At±ltØmsS∏w Pohn®t∏mƒ I≠Xv Hcn°epw A®´n´n√mØ Nn¥bpsS [ocamb apJambncp∂p. "amXr`qan' Zn]{XØn¬ ^nenwt]Pns‚ NpaXehln°m≥ XpSßnbt∏mgpw ]n∂oSv 'Nn{X`pan'bpsS NpaXebnte°v h∂t∏mgpw H‰°mcyamWv A—≥ Bhiys∏´Xv ˛ ""Fs‚ t]tcm Nn{Xtam o A®Sn°cpXv. Fs∂ Hcp am[yahpw hf¿Øn-b-X-√, AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Xf¿Øm- p- a m- h n- √ .''˛ Hcp hn´phogv ® °pw Xømd√mØ Sn.ZmtamZc≥ F∂ t]mcmfnsb AdnbpIbmbncp∂p At∏mƒ. IymadbpsSbpw t]bpsSbpw ap∂n¬ Aen™p t]mhp∂, AXnphnjbamIm≥ nc¥cw Icp°ƒ o°p∂ A`nhalmflm°fpsS BflcXnIƒ sIm≠v Bgv ® - ∏ - X n∏pIfpw hmcm¥∏ Xn∏pIfpsams° nd™pIhnbptºmgpw Hcp {]tem`ßsfbpw hIh°msX A—≥ am[yaßtfmSv s]mcpXnn∂ ImgvN hnkvabIcambncp∂p. anTm- b n- s Ø- c phS- ß p∂ ]gb tImgnt°mSns‚ apgph≥ Ncn{Xßfpw Akm[cWamsbmcp inev ] `{ZXtbmsS ImØpkq£n®pt]m∂ AhkmsØ hy‡nsb∂ ne°v B Hm¿ΩbpsS tiJcØn¬ Ipsds®¶nepw hcpwImeØnp ]I¿∂p
8.
8 ¬tI≠Xps≠∂ ASpØkplrØp°fpsS n¿_≤Ønphgßn
A—s Nne am[ya߃°v ap∂nseØn°m≥ SØnb Hmtcm{iahpw C∂p Xncn™p tm°ptºƒ Hmtcm H‰psImSp°epIfmbncp∂p. H∂pw A—tmSv oXnIm´nbn√. A—v ]d-bm-p-≠m- bn-cp∂ G‰hpw {][m-s∏´ Imcy-߃ ]Xn-hp-t]mse sh´nt∏mbn. As√¶n¬ X{¥]cambn - D∂bn°s∏SmsXt]mbn. hncenseÆmhp∂˛ IrXyambn ]d™m¬ mev ˛ {iaßtfmcp∂pw A—n¬ _m°nh®Xv ISpØ "Cdnt‰j≥' am{Xambncp∂p˛ ""Rm≥ At∏mtg nßtfmSv ]d™n´nt√ Fs∂ CXnv sI´n Fgp∂≈nbv°cpsX∂v ..'' Fddhpw HSphn¬ A—ss°m≠v B thjw sI´n®Xv, acWØnv GXmpw Znhk߃°v apºv, A—s‚ PnhnXØnse BZysØbpw AhkmsØbpw yqkvss‰v t{]m{Kmanembncp∂p. tPmkv{]Imins‚ acWambncp∂p hnjbw, A—≥ F¥mWv ]d™Xv F∂pt]mepw tIƒ°msX ""Rm≥ Xncn-®p-hcmw Sn.-Zm-tam-Z-c≥'' F∂p ]d™ ntIjvIpam¿ ]ns∂ Xncn®ph∂n√. A—pw tPmkv{]-Imipw aebmfknnabpsS Ncn{XØnse mgnI°√pIfnsem∂mb ]n.F≥.tatms‚ "Hmfhpw Xochpw F∂ knnabnse {][ms∏´ c≠p thj߃ sNbvX S∑mcmsW∂ hnhcw ]d™p tI´n´pt]mepan√mØh¿°nSbnte°v At±lsØ n¿_‘n®v Ab® a°ƒ Xs∂bmbncp∂p Ip‰°m¿. B Hm¿ΩIƒ Ncn{XØn¬ ASbmfs∏SptØ≠Xp≠v F∂ a°fpsS B{KlØns‚ in£bmbn A—s B sIm®papjy¿°v ap∂nte°v Fgp∂≈n®Xns‚ Ip‰t_m[w RßfpsS tijPohnXØnp≈XmWv. ]e temIbp≤ßfpsSbpw hnπhßfpsSbpw Ncn{XØn¬ tImSn°W°nmfpIfpsS Iq´s°meIfpsSbpw _mjv]o-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS-bp- sams° Adnhns‚ km£nbmbn Pohn® A—p hy‡nsb Ncn{XØn¬ tcJs∏SpØpI F∂ apjys‚ AXym{KlsØIpdn®v XnI™ t_m[yap≠mbncp∂p. AhkmImeØv A—≥ kz¥w knnaIsft∏mepw GtXm hnZqc Ncn{XØns‚ `mKambn am{XwI≠p. "Xnc- °Y' tXSn-sb-Øp-∂-h¿°v n_-‘--Iƒ ncØ-Øn. kq∏¿Xm-c-߃ Xmcm-]-Y-Øn¬ h∂n-d-ßnb sXmÆq-dp-Iƒ A—-t‚-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√-˛ - ""F-n°v ]d-bm-p-≈-Xn¬ knn-am-°m¿°v Xmev]-cy-an-√, Ah¿°v ]d-bm-p-≈-Xn¬ Fnbv°pw''˛ AI¬® IqSn hcn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A—s‚ tamiw kn-n-a-Iƒ Cu AI¬®- bpsS IqSn krjvSn-I-fm-Wv. sXmÆq-dp-Iƒ°vtijw A—≥ B{K-ln® cmjv{Sob knn-a-I- sfm∂pw S-°msX t]mhp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. Ahkmknna "sbkv bph¿ HmW¿' ]pdØph∂Xv 2006 embncp∂p. AXv Ign™ Bdph¿jØn¬ Hcpnanjw t]mepw shdpsXbncp∂n´n√. n¿Ωm-Xmhv Pntbm Ip´t∏´psamcpan®v "CumSn's‚ c≠mw`mKw apX¬ S°msXt]mb B knnaIƒ Ne®n{XNcn{XØnse ]pXnb A¥IhnØpIƒ apf∏n® ]pXnb hn{Klkwkv°mc-Øn¬ S°msX t]mb jvSßfmWv. ]q¿Ønbmb ]eXnc°YIfpw ]ekwhn[mbIcpsSbpw ssIIfnep≠v. sF.hn.iin apX¬ ]pXnb Xeapdbnse injymb {]kmZv hscbp≈h¿ AXn¬s]Spw. HSphn¬ AΩbpsS acWØnp tijw A—≥ knnabn¬n∂pw PohnXØn¬n∂pw ]Xps° hgpXnt∏mhpIbmtWm F∂ Bi-¶-bn¬ NncImean{Xamb {]nbZ¿i≥ n¿_‘n®v A—s G¬∏n® ]Wnbmbncp∂p taml≥emenp th≠nbp≈ ""Ip™menacbv°mcp''sS cN. A—≥ho≠pw Ncn{XØnte°v Dufnbn´v XpSßpIbmbncp∂p. ""Imem]n''°v tijw ho≠psamcp Ncn{Xknna˛ AXv kz]vambnØs∂ Ahtijn∏n®p. Ipfn®v ]pds∏´v, hmbn°mp≈ ]pkvXIhpw Xpd∂ph®v BtcmSpw bm{X ]dbmsX H‰bv°p t]mbn ad™p˛HcmXpembØns‚bpw mbnIaWn°v ImØpn¬°msX. ""GsX¶nepsamcp hn{KlØnp ap-∂n¬ Rm≥ Fs∂¶nepw ssIIq∏n n¬°p∂Xmbn
9.
9 I≠m¬ A∂v AN-
O s‚ ka- ne sX‰n- b - X mbn IcpXns°m≈Ww''˛ kz¥w bm{Xm]mXsb°pdn®v A—≥ a°ƒ°v F∂pw ap∂dnbn∏v ¬Inbncp∂p. acWØnepw B hm°p]men®p. BcpsS ap∂nepw hWßnn∂n√. hf- ™ p- n¬°mØ Nq≠phnc¬ PXbpsS Bflmhnse tNmZy߃°mbn o°nh® Hcp t]mcmfnbpsS PohnXIY Xs∂bmWnXv. Ncn{XØnen√mØ Ncn{Xambn B hm°pIƒ ChnsS {]kcn∏n® hmsamgnIƒ A®-Sn-°-s∏-´n-´n-√m-bn-cn-°mw. F¶nepw hmbn√m°p∂ne∏∑m¿ aunIfmbn n∂t∏mƒ ]ngpsXdnbmmhmØ Hcp mhpacw ChnsS tcphnfn®p]dbmp≠mbncp∂p F∂Xns‚ Hm¿Ω°v Ah hcpw Xeapdsb tXSnsbØmXncn°n√. Ncn{Xw mh-S°p-∂hcp-sS-Xs√∂v 2012epw {]k‡n sXfn-bn-°p∂ - - - - CumSv B IY Xncp-Øn-sb-gp-Xn-s°m-≈pw. hn{K-l-߃ Fs∂∂pw DS-bm-Xn-cn-°-W-sa- ∂n-√t√m.
Descargar ahora