Nutraceutical Drugs: Antioxidant, Anti-hyperglycemic, Hepatoprotective & Immuno-modulatory.

1. NUTRACEUTICALS &
THEIR ROLE IN HEALTH CARE
PRIYANKA GOSWAMI
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

2. CONTENT
• Introduction
• Definitions
• Labeling regulations
• Herbs used as:
• Antioxidant
• Immunomodulatorly
• Antihyperglycemic
• Hepatoprotective
• Conclusion
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

3. INTRODUCTION
• Nutraceutical is any substance that may be considered as
food or part of food, which in addition to its normal
nutritional value, provides health benefits including
prevention of disease.
• Most nutraceuticals, however, are openly on sale and
available via the internet.
Herbal SupplementPharmaceuticals
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

4. Various Definitions
• US: Diet supplement that delivers a concentrated form of a presumed
bioactive agent from food, presented in a non-food matrix, and used to
enhance health in dosages that exceed those that could be obtained from
normal food.
• Japan: A functional food is a natural formulated food that has enhanced
physiological performance or prevents or treats a particular disease.
• UK: Food that has a component incorporated into it to give it a specific
medical or physiological benefit, other than purely nutritional benefit.
• Canada: A functional food has been defined as similar in appearance to
conventional foods, consumed as part of diet, whereas a nutraceutical is a
product produced from foods but sold in pills, powders and other
medicinal forms not generally associated with food.
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

5. Labeling Regulations
• In many countries, food labeling regulations do not allow
food labels to carry health claims.
• In UK, medical claims such as helps prevent heart
diseases, are not allowed.
• But, health promoting claims, such as helps lower
cholesterol can be made.
• Companies marketing nutraceuticals can not advertise
specific medical claims for their products without a
medicine license.
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

6. Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.
Antioxidants

7. Antioxidant
• About 5% of more od the inhaled oxygen is converted to reactive
oxygen species (ROS) such as O2-, H2O2 and OH by univalent
reduction of O2.
• Antioxidants can act by scavenging reactive oxygen species
(SOD removing O2-)
• by inhibiting their formation (e.g. by blocking activation of
phagocytes),
• by binding transition metal ions and preventing formation of
OH and/or decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides,
• by repairing damage (e.g. alpha tocopherol repairing peroxyl
radicals and so terminating the chain reaction of lipid
peroxidation
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

8. • Vitamin C : first line natural antioxidant defence in
plasma and a powerful inhibitor of lipid peroxidation.
• It also generates the major antioxidant tocopherol
(Vitamin E) in lipoproteins and cell membranes.
• Intracellular mechanisms exist which can regenerate
Vitamin C from its inactive metabolite dehydroascorbate
by reduced glutathione
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

9. Sr.
No.
Class Sub-Class Source
1 Enzymes
Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD)
PlasmaCatalase (CAT)
Glutathion peroxidase (GPx)
2 Vitamins Vitamin C Citrus fruits
Vitamin E Nut, Oil
3 Carotenoids
Lycopene Tomato
Beta carotene Carrot
Sweet Potato
4 Flavonoids
Onion
Grapefruit
Eucalyptus
Olive
5 Poly phenols
Green tea
Amla
Bahera
HardePriyanka Goswami, HKCP.

10. 1. Amla
• Syn: Indian goose berry, Embelica
• Source: dried fruits of Embelica officinalis
• Family: Euphorbiaceae
• Constituents: Vitamin C, Minerals, amino acids, Phenolic
compounds: Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, tannins, phyllembelic
acid, phyllembelin, rutin, curcum-inoids, and emblicol
• Uses: diuretic, acrid, cooling, refrigerant, laxative, digestive
system disorders, ingredient of TRIPHALA chruna &
CHYAWANPRASH
• Market formultion: Jeevani malt(Chirayu pharma), Triphala
churna (Zandu), Chyavanprash (Dabur), AmlaC(Himalaya)
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

11. Important structures
Vitamin C Ellagic acid Gallic acid
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

12. Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

13. 2. Bahera
• Syn: Baheda, Bibhitak
• Source: dried ripe fruits of Terminalia belerica
• Family: Combretaceae
• Constituents: 20-30% Tannin, Phenolic compounds: Gallic
acid, Ellagic acid, tannins, phyllembelic acid, phyllembelin
• Uses: dyspepsia, astringent, diarrhoea, purgative, digestive
system disorders, ingredient of TRIPHALA chruna
• Market formulation: Sage triphala syrup (Sage herbals)-for
relieving habitual constipation, Triphala (Himalaya)
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

14. 3. Harde
• Syn: Myrobalan, Haritaki
• Source: dried fruits of Terminalia chebula
• Family: Combretaceae
• Constituents: 30% hydrosylable tannin, Phenolic compounds:
Chebulinic acid, Chebulagic acid, D-galloyl glucose, free tannin
acid, Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, anthraquinone glycoside,
sennoside, Resin-myrobalanin
• Uses: Antiseptic, chronic ulcers, wound, piles, stomachic, dental
preparation, commercially in dyeing and tanning industry,
ingredient of TRIPHALA chruna
• Market formulation: Constivac (Lupin herbal), Pilect (Aimil
pharmaceuticals), Haritakhu churna, Triphala churna, Tentex
forte (Baidyanath)Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

15. Immunomodulators
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16. Immunomodulatory
• Immunomodulation describe the ability of an herb, nutrient or
other substance to promote healthy immune function.
• The immune system is a complex interplay of cells that dictate
the body’s resistance to infections.
• These include macrophages, lymphocytes (B & T) and other
knows as cytokines (e.g. interleukin, interferon, and tumor
necrosis factor.
• A common denominator among immunomodulating herb is the
presence of complex sugar molecules known as
polysaccharides.
• Polysaccharides improve the activity of lymphocyte and other
cells of the immune system, thus strengthening the overall
immune response.
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

17. Immunomodulatory
• Immunomodulatos are also called as adaptogens, herbs that help
bolster resistance and resilience to stress, enabling the body to
avert various problems and avoid collapse by adapting to external
pressure.
• They have the amazing ability to balance body’s functions
• Immunomodulators can stimulate or diminish immune responses,
independently of the mode of administration and concentration
used.
• Plant derived immunomodulators activate specific immune
system function via the release of mediators and cytokines
through their polysaccharide or lectin constituents. This is
said to increase the readiness of the immune system.
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

18. 1. Ginseng
• Syn: Pannag, Ninjin
• Source: dried roots of Panax ginseng (Korea),
Panax japonicus(Japan), Panax pseudoginseng (Himalaya)
Panax quinquefolium (US), Panax vietnamensis (Vietnam)
• Family: Araliaceae
• Constituents: Triterpenoid saponin glycosides: Ginsenoside,
Protopanaxodiol, Protopanaxotriol, Glycan: Panaxan,
Panaxynol, Panaxydol, Sesqui terpene: panacene
• Uses: improvement of stamina, concentration, resistance to
stress & disease, anaemia, dibetes, gastritis,
• Market formulation: Re-vital (Ranbaxy), Panaxan (Phyto
Pharm)Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

19. Important structures
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

20. Important structures
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21. 2. Tinospora
• Syn: Indian Madder, Manjistha
• Source: dried root of Tinospora cordifolia
• Family: Rubiaceae
• Constituents: Anthraquinone glycoside: purpurin (trihydroxy
anthraquinone), munjistin (xanthopurpurin-2-carboxylic acid),
pseudopurpurin (purpurin-3-carboxylic acid) and free alizarin
• Uses: As a decoction in jaundice, paralysis, urinary troubles,
menstrual disorders, rheumatism, treating skin conditions like
uneven pigmentation and eczema
• Market preparation: Cystone (Himalaya-kidney stone), Septilin
(Himalaya-anti infective),
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22. Important structures
Alizarin Purpurin Munjistin
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

23. 3. Ashwagandha
• Syn: Withania, Winter cherry
• Source: dried roots & stems of Withania somnifera
• Family: Solanaceae
• Constituents: cuscohygrine, anahygrine, tropine, pseudotropine,
anaferine, steroidal lactones - withanolides, withaferin,
• Uses: antistress, adaptogenic-improves physical and mental
fitness, anti-inflammatory, Asthma, uterine sedative, relaxant,
antispasmodic,
• Market formulation: Mentat (Himalaya-brain), Tentax forte
(Himalaya)
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

24. Important structures
Somniferine
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

25. Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.
Glucose Regulation
1. Glycolysis: break down
of glucose
2. Glycogenesis:
Formation of glycogen
3. Lipogenesis: break
down to fatty acid
4. Glycogenolysis: break
down of glycogen
5. Gluconeogenesis:
formation of glucose

26. What is Hyperglycemia
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27. General mechanism
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28. 1. Momordica
• Syn: Bitter gourd, Karela
• Source: fresh green fruits of Momordica chirantia
• Family: Curcubitaceae
• Constituents: Steroid saponin-charantin, momordicin,
momordicoside A,B,C,D,E, momordicine-I ,II & III,
carbohydrate (10%), mineral (1.5%), ascorbic acid
• Uses: stomachic, carminative, tonic, cooling agent, rheumatism-
gout, spleen & liver disorders, diabetes
• Market formulation: Bitter gourd plus (Jyoti capsule), Karela
(Himalaya),
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

29. Mechanism
• Repairs damaged β-cells
• Increases insulin levels
• Enhance the sensitivity of
insulin.
• Inhibits the absorption of
glucose by inhibiting
glucosidase
• Suppresses the activity of
disaccharidases in the
intestine.
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

30. Important structures
Somniferine
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

31. 2. Fenugreek
• Syn: Methi, Medhika
• Source: dried seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum
• Family: Leguminosae
• Constituents: alkaloid: trigonellin, saponin: diosgenin,
• Uses: anti-diabetic, cholesterol lowering, anti-inflammatory,
antipyretic, anti-ulcer and anti-cancer
• Possible Mechanism:
• 4-hydroxyisoleucine (an amino acid derived from fenugreek)
may help to stimulate the secretion of insulin, reduce insulin
resistance, and decrease blood sugar levels.
• Market formulation:
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32. Important structures
Trigonelline
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33. 3. Gymnema
• Syn: Gurmar,Madhunasini
• Source: leaves of Gymnema sylvestre
• Family: Asclepiadaceae
• Constituents: pentriacontane, hentriacontane, phytin, gymnemic
acid, Triterpenoid saponin, anthraquinone derivative
• Uses: stomachic, dibetes, laxative, diuretic, stimulant,
• Market formulation:Diabecon
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

34. Mechanism of action
• By increasing the endogenous insulin production or by
increasing the serum C-peptide levels
• 45C-peptide is a chain of amino acids that is
cleaved from the proinsulin molecule released by the
pancreas to form insulin
• Therefore, C-peptide is used as a marker to monitor the
release of endogenous insulin
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

35. Important structures
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

36. 1. Andrographis
• Syn: Kalmegh, King of bitter,
• Source: leaves & aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata
• Family: Acanthaceae
• Constituents: kalmeghin-bitter crystalline diterpene lactone,
andrographiolides, volatile oil.
• Uses: Febrifuge, tonic, anthelmintic, debility, cholera, diabetes,
liver tonic, piles, STD, weakness
• Market formulation: Bitter gourd plus (Jyoti capsule),
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

37. Mechanism
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.
Reduced hepatic antioxidant
enzymes (superoxide dismutase,
catalase, and glutathione
peroxidase), depletion of hepatic
glutathione, and increased activities
of hepatic γ –glutamyl
transpeptidase, glutathione-S-
transferase, and lipid peroxidase

38. Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

39. 2. Picrorrhiza
• Syn: Kutki
• Source: dried rhizomes of Picrorrhiza kurroa
• Family: Scrophulariaceae
• Constituents: picrorhizin, picrorhizetin, kutkin, picroside,
phenol glycoside, curcubitacin glycoside
• Uses: bitter, cathartic, fever, stomachic,dyspepsida, malaria,
jaundice, rheumatism-gout, spleen & liver disorders, diabetes
• Market formulation: Purim (Himalaya), Herbohep (Lupin)
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

40. Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

41. 3. Turmeric
• Syn: Haldi, Haridra, Indian saffron
• Source: dried rhizome of Curcuma longa
• Family: Zingiberaceae
• Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, abundant starch grains,
curcuminoids, turmerone, curcumin, sesquiterpenes
• Uses: Condiment, spice, coloring agent, Anti-inflammatory,
anti-arthritic, anti-cancer.
• Market formulation: Vicco-turmeric wso cream
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

42. Mechanism of action
• direct antioxidant and free-radical scavenging
mechanisms, as well as the ability to indirectly augment
glutathione levels, thereby aiding in hepatic
detoxification
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

43. Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

44. References
1. Shah B, Seth AK. Textbook of Pharmacognosy &
Phytochemistry. Elsevier health sciences, Gurgaon, 2010.
2. Lockwood B. Nutraceuticals: A Guide for Healthcare
Professionals. 2nd
edition, Pharmaceutical Press, 2007.
3. Gupta VK, Sharma SK. Plants as natural antioxidants. Natural
product radiance 2006; 5(4): 326-334.
4. Kraft K, Hobbs C. Pocket guide to Herbal medicine. Thieme,
2004.
5. Moore Sharon, Lupus alternative therapies that work. Healing art
press, 2000.
6. Brown DJ. Herbal Prescriptions for Health and Healing:
Your Everyday Guide to Using Herbs Safely and Effectively.
Lotus press, 2010.
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.

45. References
1. Upkar’s Madhya Pradesh P.M.T. Botany at a Glance, Upkar
Prakashan
Priyanka Goswami, HKCP.