ART AND CULTURE OF TOLEDO. BY SANTIAGO RODRÍGUEZ

1. MUSLIMS, JEWS AND
CHRISTIANS IN TOLEDO

2. In the beginning of XVI century the city of Toledo had reached its highest splendour.In the beginning of XVI century the city of Toledo had reached its highest splendour.
The look of the city is the same since then, with its characteristic appearance as a result ofThe look of the city is the same since then, with its characteristic appearance as a result of
the coexistence of the three cultures along the Middle Agesthe coexistence of the three cultures along the Middle Ages..

3. The Convent of San Juan de los Reyes is on the riverbank of San Martin’s
bridge, in the South of the city, in the middle of the Jewish quarter.
The Convent of San Juan de los Reyes

5. The Catholic King and Queen ordered the construction of the convent toThe Catholic King and Queen ordered the construction of the convent to
commemorate the victory in the battle of Toro against Alfonso and Juana Lacommemorate the victory in the battle of Toro against Alfonso and Juana La
Beltraneja. The building was assigned to the French arquitect Juan de Guas.Beltraneja. The building was assigned to the French arquitect Juan de Guas.

6. The cloister is one of the most important works of
Elizabethian Gothic architecture.

10. The ceiling of the cloister
was made by Muslim
crafstmen.

11. The church is full of
symbols alluding to the
power of the Catholic King
and Queen.

12. The outside of the church is quite
simple, interestingly it has long chains
hanging from the walls.
They belonged to the Christians who
were liberated in the kingdom of
Granada.

13. Finally the Catholic King and Queen decided to be buried in GranadaFinally the Catholic King and Queen decided to be buried in Granada
and San Juan de los Reyes became a Franciscan convent.and San Juan de los Reyes became a Franciscan convent.
During the War of Independence the walled enclosure was
damaged and its restauration has lasted until recently, adding
some new features, like gargoyles and outside statues.

14. THE
SEPHARDIC
JEWS OF
TOLEDO

15. The Jews of Toledo lived in an area
designated for them. The jewish quarter
occupied 10% of the city. In the beginning it
was placed in the suburb of San Martin,
although later new areas were added.

16. The Jewish
quarter

17. The Jewish quarter
neighbourhoods
SAN MARTÍN
ASSUICA
SANTO TOMÉ
AL-AQABA

18. In the Jewish quarter the Transito Synagogue stands out, it was
built in the second half of the XIV century. Today it hosts the
Sephardic Museum of Toledo.

19. Its promoter was Samuel ha-Levi Abulafia who was the treasurer
of the King Pedro I. He obtained permission from the Castillian
King to build the synagogue of Transito in the Jewish quarter of
Toledo.

20. THE TRANSITO SYNAGOGUE

21. It was built in Mudejar style. It has similar characteristics as other buildings
of the time
Santa Clara Monastery
(Tordesillas, Valladolid)

22. Sevilla Royal Fortress

23. The Transito Synagogue
is covered by a wooden
ceiling with girders.
.

24. The decorative details in Windows and friezes are also interesting.

25. The Sephardic Museum also contains objects and documents
related to the Jewish faith in the synagogue.
Candelabro de la fiesta de las luces o
Hanuká
Inscripción hebrea

26. Jewish medieval
dress
Case for the Torah

27. In addition to the Transito
Synagogue there are also other
medieval Jewish monuments.
Synagogue DE SANTA
MARÍA LA BLANCA

28. This synagogue, also
called Yoshef Ben
Shoshan was built before
the Transito Synagogue.

29. The old Jewish castle
The old Jewish castle is placed in the small garden located at the back of
San Juan de los Reyes

30. El Cambrón Gate was on the
border of the Jewish quarter.

31. The Toledo Jewish quarter was attacked a number of times
during Middle Ages, like in 1391, nevertheless the final blow
was given by the Catholic King and queen in 1492.

32. The edict of expulsión of the Jews
Nos, en concejo e parecer de algunos prelados,
e grandes e caballeros, e de otras personas de
ciencia e de conciencia, habiendo habido sobre
ello mucha deliberación, acordamos de mandar
salir a todos los judíos de nuestros reinos, que
jamás tornen; e sobre ello mandamos dar esta
carta por la cual mandamos. . . que fasta el fin
del mes de julio que viene salgan todos con sus
hijos, de cualquier edad que sean, e non osen
tornar. . . bajo pena de muerte. E mandamos
que nadie de nuestros reinos sea osado de
recibir, acoger o defender pública o
secretamente a judío ni judía pasado el término
de julio. . . so pena de confiscación de todos sus
bienes. Y porque los judíos puedan actuar como
más les convenga en este plazo, les ponemos
bajo nuestra protección, para que puedan
vender, enajenar o cambiar sus bienes. Les
autorizamos a sacar sus bienes por tierra y mar,
en tanto no sea oro ni plata, ni moneda ni las
otras cosas vedadas.
31 de marzo de 1492

33. Map of the Jewish exile after the law of expulsión of the Catholic Queen
and King.
A partir de esta or As a result of this law on, about 100.000 Jews left the
Iberian península known by them as Sepharad.
den, aproximadamente unos 100.000 judíos debieron abandonar la
Península Ibérica, que ellos conocían como “Sefarad”.

34. Those who remained ,converted to Christianity, and were known as
“conversos”. Up to the middle of the XV century the Inquisition
prosecuted them although some of them, or their descendants were
very important for the culture of the country

35. Those who were exiled spread the Castillian language all over the
Mediterranean area, keeping it until now in its original form, the
Castillian of the XV century.

36. ALTA ALTA ES LA LUNA
Kantiga de amor
Alta alta es la luna
Kuando empesa a sklareser
Ija ermoza sin ventura
Nunka yege a naser
Los ojos ya me s'incheron
De tanto mirar la mar
Vaporikos van i vienen
Letras para mi no ay
Mama mia mi kerida
Un suenyo me sonyi
En mi suenyo me sonyava
ke pasha turko me yevava
Pasharikos chuchulean
En los arvoles de flor
Ay debasho se asentan
Los ke sufren del amor
TEXTOS SEFARDÍES

37. Some of them who left Spain brought with them the keys of
their homes so that their descendants were able to come
back to their houses in Sepharad (Sepharad is the Jewish
name for Spain).

38. There are no more than a million and a half of Sephardies all
over the world, although the state of their language is worrying,
nevertheless we still have their music and their memories.

39. Muslim
presence in
Toledo
Toledo surrendered to the Muslim
army in 711 and it became the
capital of the Middle Mark, facing
the Christians in the North, it was
named Tulaytulah.

40. In this way Toledo bécame a typical Muslim city with its
fortress, mosques, markets, walls and bridges.

41. In 1085 it was conquered by Alfonso VI and the Christian army, with
time the biggest mosque bécame the cathedral and the rest of the
buildings were rebuilt to adapt to the new Christian times.
.
Aunque algunos restos aún
perviven…..

42. The Mosque of Bib al Mardum or Cristo de la Luz.

43. This mosque is a small Muslim temple placed in the Zocodover and
the Puerta del Sol, or Sun Gate. It was built in the X century. It is
a good example of the Cordoban Califal art.

45. Cúpula del
mihrab de la
mezquita de
Córdoba

47. After the Castillian conquest the mosque became a Catholic church
and a Mudejar abside was added. There are remains of paintings from
that time that hid the Arab decoration.

48. ÁBSIDE CRISTIANO SALA DE ORACIÓN O HARAM
In this way the old mosque was able to survive for ten moreIn this way the old mosque was able to survive for ten more
centuries.centuries.

49. VISITA A TOLEDO

50. TOLEDO OF THE THREE CULTURESTOLEDO OF THE THREE CULTURES
29 TH MARCH 201729 TH MARCH 2017