anatomy of long bone and joint classificationq

1. Anatomy of long bone and
classification of Joints
Prepared by
Dr DipendraMaharjan
1st yr Resident, NAMS

2. Bone
• Calcified, living, connective tissue that forms the
majority of skeletal system
• Intercellular calcified matrix which consist
collagen fiber
• Functions as
–
–
–
–
–
Supportive structure
Protector
Reservoir
Act as a lever
Act as a container

3. Type of Bone
• Compact
– Dense bone tissue composed of osteons, which resist
pressure and shocks and protect the spongy tissue
– forms especially the diaphysis of the long bones.
• Spongy
– Tissue made of bony compartments separated by
cavities filled with bone marrow, blood vessels and
nerves
– gives bones their lightness.

4. Classification of bone
• According by shape
– Long bone
– Short bone
– Flat bone
– Irregular bone
– Sesamoid bone

5. Long bone
• Longer than they are wide.
• Reflects the elongated shape rather than the
overall size.
• Consist of a shaft plus two ends and are
constructed primarily of compact bone
• may contain substantial amounts of spongy
bone.
• All bones of the limbs, except the patella,
wrist and ankle bones, are long bones.

6. Parts of long bone

7. • Epiphysis
– Are expanded articular ends
– separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate
during bone growth
– composed of a spongy bone surrounded by a thin
layer of compact bone.
– Proximal epiphysis
• Enlarged terminal part of the bone,
• nearest the center of the body,
– Distal epiphysis
• Enlarged terminal part of the bone,
• farthest from the center of the body,

8. • Metaphysis
– Part of the bone between the epiphysis and the
diaphysis;
– it contains the connecting cartilage enabling the
bone to grow
– disappears at adulthood.
• Diaphysis
– Elongated hollow central portion of the bone
located between the methaphyses;
– made of compact tissue
– encloses the medullary cavity.

9. Structure of long bone

10. • Osteon
– Elementary cylindrical structure of the compact
bone
– Runs parallel to longest axis of bone
– Surrounds and opens into Haversian canal.
• Haversian canal
– Lengthwise central canal of the osteon
– enclose blood vessels and nerves.

11. • Volkmann’s canals
– Perforating canal
– Transverse canals of the compact bone enclosing
blood vessels and nerves
– they connect the Haversian canals and with the
medullary cavity and the periosteum.
• Medullarycavity
– Cylindrical central cavity of the bone containing
the bone marrow
– encloses lipid-rich yellow bone marrow.

12. • Periosteum
– Fibrous membrane rich in blood vessels that
envelopes the bone
– contributes especially to the bone’s growth in
thickness.
– anchored to the bone itself by bits of collagen called
Sharpey’s perforating fibers.
• Concentric lamellae
– Bony layers of osteon made of collagen fibers
– arranged concentrically around the Haversian canal
– form as the bones grow.

13. • Articular cartilage
– Smooth resistant elastic tissue covering the terminal
part of the bone
– facilitates movement and absorbs shocks.
• Blood vessel
– Channel in the bone through which the blood
circulates, carrying the nutrients and mineral salts the
bone requires.
• Bone marrow
– Soft substance contained in bone cavities, producing
blood cells
– red in children, yellow in the long bones of adults.

14. JOINTS
the site where two or more
skeletal elements come together

15. Classification of Joint
• According to function of joint
– Synarthroses
• no/little movement
• Sutures, Teeth,Epiphyseal plates,1st rib and costal cart.
– Amphiarthroses
• slight movement
• Distal Tibia/fibula, Intervertebral discs, Pubic symphysis
– Diarthroses
• great movement
• Glenohumeral joint, Knee joint, TMJ

16. • According to the structure of Joint
– Cartilaginous
– Fibrous
– Synovial

17. • Cartilaginous Joint
– are connected entirely by cartilage
– allow more movement between bones than a
fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile
synovial joint
– also forms the growth regions of immature long
bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal
column.
– Types
• Synchondrosis
• Symphysis

18. Cartilaginous
• Synchondrosis (synarthroses)
– Primary cartilaginous joints
– Occur where two ossification centre in a developing bone
remain seperated by a layer of cartilage
– Growth plate between head and shaft of developing long
bone
– Allow bone growth and eventually become completely
ossified
• Symphysis (amphiarthroses)
–
–
–
–
Secondary cartileginousjoints
Two separate bones are interconnected by cartilage
Mostly occur in midline
Pubis symphysis, intervertebral disc between adjacent
vertebrae

19. • Fibrous Joint
– are connected by dense connective tissue,
consisting mainly of collagen
– Types
• Sutures
• Syndesmoses
• Gomphosis

20. Fibrous
• Suture
– Only in skull where adjacent bones are linked by a thin
layer of connective tissue
• Gomphoses
– Occur only between the teeth and adjacent bone
– Short collagen tissue fibre in the periodontal ligament run
between the root of the tooth and the bony socket
• Syndesmoses
– Joints in which two adjacent bones are linked by a
ligament
– Are moveable
– Ligamentumflavum, interosseos membrane

21. Synovial Joint
• Are diarthrosis
• the most common and most movable type
• achieve movement at the point of contact of the
articulating bones.
• The main structural differences between synovial
and fibrous joints are
– the existence of capsules surrounding the articulating
surfaces of a synovial joint
– the presence of lubricating synovial fluid within those
capsules.

22. Classification of synovial Joint
• Based upon movement
– Uniaxial joint
– Biaxial Joint
– Multiaxial Joint

23. Classification of synovial Joint
• Based on the shape of their articular surface
– Planar Joint
– Hinge Joint
– Pivot Joint
– Bicondylar Joint
– Condylar Joint
– Saddle Joint
– Ball and socket joint

24. • Plane Joint
– Also called Gliding
Joints
– One moves across the
surface of another
– Allow sliding or gliding
movements
– Acromoclavicular joint

25. • Hinge Joint
– Also known as
ginglymus joint
– Allow movement
around one axis that
passes transversly
through the joint
– Permit flexion and
extension
– Humeroulnar joint

26. • Pivot Joint
– Also called trochoid joint
– Allow movement around
one axis that passes
longitudinally along the
shaft of the bone
– One bone rotates
another
– Atlanto-axial joint

27. • Bicondylar Joint
– Formed by two convex
condyles that articulate
with concave or flat
surface
– Allow movement mostly
in one axis with limited
rotation around a second
axis
– Knee joint

28. • Condylar Joint
– Ellipsoid Joint
– Allow movement around two
axis that are at right angle to
each other
– Permit flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction and limited
circumduction
– Wrist joint

29. • Saddle Joint
– Also known as sellar joint
– Allow movement around two
axis that are at right angle to
each other
– Articularsuface are saddle
shaped
– Permits flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction,
circumduction
– Carpometacarple joint of the
thumb, sternoclavicular joint

30. • Ball and Socket Joint
– Universal joint,
spheroidal joint
– Allow movement
around multiple axis
– Permits extension,
flexion, abduction,
adduction,
circumduction except
gliding
– Hip joint, glenohumeral
joint

31. Thank You!

32. References
• Gray’s anatomy for student by Drake, Vogi
• Gray’s anatomy : the anatomical by
susanstandring
• Clinical anatomy by region – Richard snell
• Netter’s Anatomy
• Gross Anatomy BRSeries by Kyung
• Clinically oriented Anatomy by Moore
• Last’s Anatomy regional and applied