1. Civil Engineering-Societal and Global Impact
Name-Akash Ranjan
Branch-Civil Engineering
Sem-4th
Year-2nd
Roll No-13001322029
Subject-Civil Engg-Societal and global impact
Subject code-CE(ES)401
CA-2
2. MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO COURSE
AND OVERVIEW
Civil Engineering societal and
global impact deals with the
outcomes of civil Engineering
Projects. It can be positive or
negative. In this rapid increase in
construction there is the need to
study their impacts on our society
and globe.
So, this subject is go be dealing
with the several types of impacts.
3. Pre-industrial society refers to social attributes and forms of
political and cultural
organization that were prevalent before the advent of
the Industrial Revolution,
which occurred from 1750 to 1850.
Pre industrial society
Pre- industrial is a time before there were machines and tools to help perform
tasks
in mass.
Pre-industrial civilization dates back to centuries ago, but the main era known
as the
Pre-industrial society occurred right before the industrial society.
Pre-Industrial societies vary from region to region depending on the culture of
a
given area or history of social and political life.
The Indian subcontinent was known for its spread of Islam by the Delhi
Sultanate
and Mughal Empire, which later caused the emergence of the proto-
industrialization, while Europe for its feudal system and the Italian Renaissance
4. The agricultural revolution is the name given to a number of cultural
transformations that initially allowed humans to change from a hunting
and gathering subsistence to one of agriculture and animal
domestications.
The Neolithic or agricultural revolution resulted in a demographic
transition and major increases in population (Table 6.1) and population
density (Table 6.3). The population of hunter–gatherers rose at a very low
rate constrained by the carrying capacity of the land
(see Chapter 4, Fig. 4.1). The increase in Paleolithic global populations
parallels the increase in range as humans migrated from Africa to Asia,
Europe, the Americas, and Australia. The increase in the growth rate of
human populations increased by as much 60-fold with the Neolithic
Revolution (Table 6.1). “Population, when unchecked, goes on doubling
itself every twenty-five years or increases in a geometrical ratio”
(Malthus, 1798). This is seen in the USA with the population rising from 2.5
million in 1776 to 5.3 million in 1800 to 11.1 million to 1825 and 23.2 million
in 1850 (US Census, in press); the population growth being unchecked as
more land came into cultivation.
Agriculture Revolution
5. 1st and 2nd Industrial revolution
The First Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century and focused
primarily on textile manufacturing and steam power. During this time period
inventors across Europe and the United States created devices and machines
that mechanized production. For example, the steam was a vitally important
invention to the revolution because it lessened the need for manual labor. The
first steam engine was created by Thomas Newcomen in 1712. Newcomen
produced items for tin mine owners who often complained that they were
struggling to deal with flooding in their mines. Traditional methods of removing
water from the mines were slow, and hard work. Newcomen realized that he
could help the tin mine owners. He developed a pump engine that used a
piston in a cylinder; it was the first of its kind. In the 1760’s, James
Watt improved on and perfected the design first produced by Thomas
Newcomen. In 1764, Watt was given a Newcomen steam engine to repair. He
started working on it and soon realized that it was inefficient. As a result, Watt
wanted to improve the design. He was successful, and found a way to prevent
steam from escaping from the engine by adding a separate condensing
chamber. Watt patented his new steam engine design, and it paved the way for
other mechanical design work.
6. The Second Industrial Revolution began in the mid-19th century and
continued until World War I in 1917. While the First Industrial Revolution
centered on textile manufacturing and the innovation of the steam
engine, the Second Industrial Revolution focused instead on steel
production, the automobile and advances in electricity. Discoveries in
the field of electricity improved communication technologies. In 1866,
the first underwater telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean was
successfully installed, and ten years later, Alexander Graham
Bell invented the telephone. In the late 1800’s American Thomas
Edison produced an amazing array of inventions. Among them were the
phonograph and the incandescent light bulb. In 1886, German scientist
Gottlieb Daimler devised an internal combustion engine that was fuelled
by gasoline and could power a small vehicle. His invention was one of
the biggest advances in transportation technology since the
development of the steam engine. Daimler would use his engine to
create one of the first automobiles. An improvement in production was
the introduction of the assembly line by Henry Ford in 1914. On an
assembly line, the complex job of assembling many parts into a finished
product was broken down into a series of small tasks. It sped up
production and reduced costs as each worker was only required to
install one or two parts at their position on the assembly line. Ford would
use the assembly line to speed up the production of automobiles in his
factory in Highland Park, Michigan.
7. IT Revolution
India has had phenomenal growth as a country
over the course of the past 75 years since
achieving independence. Following India's IT
revolution, the country's export of IT services
increased from a meagre $3.5 million in 1980 to
over $100 billion in 2016-17. India's IT growth is
vividly described by government policies,
technical developments, and industrial leaps. All
of this contributes to what it is today: the
introduction of computers and the internet to
India, the implementation of computerized
reservations by the Indian Railway, and the role
that commercial and governmental policies had
in the development of IT.
8. Recent Civil Engineering Breakthrough and innovation
The Statue of Unity is the world's tallest statue, with a height of 182 metres (597 feet),[3] located
near Kevadia in the state of Gujarat, India. It depicts Indian statesman
and independence activist Vallabhbhai Patel (1875–1950), who was the first deputy prime
minister and home minister of independent India and an adherent of Mahatma Gandhi. Patel is highly
respected for his leadership in uniting 562 princely states of India to form the single Union of India. The
statue is located in Gujarat on the Narmada River in the Kevadiya colony, facing the Sardar Sarovar
Dam 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of the city of Vadodara.[4]
The project was first announced in 2010, and construction started in October 2013 by Indian
company Larsen & Toubro, with a total construction cost of ₹27 billion (US$422 million).[5] It was designed by
Indian sculptor Ram V. Sutar and was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, on 31
October 2018, the 143rd anniversary of Patel's birth.[6]
9. KINETIC FOOTFALL A technology that
enables flooring to harness the energy
of footsteps. It can be used indoors or
outdoors in high traffic areas to
produce electricity using an
electromagnetic induction process
KINETIC FOOTFALL
10. SELF-HEALING CONCRETE Self-healing concrete,
using a mix containing bacteria within
microcapsules, which will aid building innovation
by germinating when water enters a crack in the
concrete to produce limestone, plugging the
crack before water and oxygen has a chance to
corrode the steel reinforcement
SELF-HEALING CONCRETE
11. Present day world and future projections
Vision for civil engineering states a new reality, one that does not exist today. Part of that reality is
encapsulated in several overarching concepts that precede the Vision statement: civil engineers
are:
I. Entrusted by society
II. Create a sustainable world
III. Enhance the global quality of life
IV. Serve competently, collaboratively, and ethically
V. Demonstrate a mastery and leadership
“Entrusted by society” stands out as a major component and a heady challenge. Through their
demonstrated abilities and roles of civil engineers will have earned society’s trust and will be
regarded
as key leaders and advisors in both delivering the world’s built environment and sustaining the
natural
environment.
Entrusted by society to create a sustainable world and enhance the global quality of life, civil
engineers
serve competently, collaboratively, and ethically as master., planners, designers, constructors, and
operators of society’s economic and social engine—the built environment.
Civil engineers will serve as master builders and integrators, leading multidisciplinary teams of
professionals and paraprofessionals.
The civil engineer needs to have mastered a comprehensive body of knowledge, change is
necessitated
by forces such as globalization; sustainability requirements; emerging technology; and increased
complexity with the corresponding need to identify, define, and solve problems at the boundaries of
traditional disciplines.
12. Ecosystems in Society and in Nature
What is a social ecosystem? A social-
ecological system consists of ‘a bio-geo-
physical’ unit and its associated social actors
and institutions. Social-ecological systems are
complex and adaptive and delimited by
spatial or functional boundaries surrounding
particular ecosystems and their context
problems.
A natural ecosystem is a community
of living and non-living entities and
occurs freely in nature. Every
component interacts together as a
combined unit through physical,
chemical and biological processes.
The discriminating factor of natural
ecosystems from other ecosystems is
that they are completely natural.
13. Global warming, its impact and possible
causes
What is Global Warming?
Global warming is the phenomenon of a gradual increase in
the temperature near the earth’s surface. This phenomenon
has been observed over the past one or two centuries. This
change has disturbed the climatic pattern of the earth.
However, the concept of global warming is quite controversial
but the scientists have provided relevant data in support of
the fact that the temperature of the earth is rising constantly.
Causes of global Warming
Deforestation
Use of Vehicles
Chlorofluorocarbon
Industrial Development
Agriculture
Overpopulation
Volcanoes
Water Vapour
Melting Permafrost
Forest Blazes
14. Impact of Global Warming
Rise in Temperature
Threats to the Ecosystem
Climate Change
Spread of Diseases
High Mortality Rates
Loss of Natural Habitat
15. GIS and its Application
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system of computer
software, hardware and data, personnel that make it possible to enter,
manipulate, analyze, and present data, and the information that is tied
to a location on the earth's surface.
This system comprises of Software, Hardware, Data, and Personnel that
make it possible to enter, manipulate, analyze and present information
that is tied to a location on the earth's surface.
GIS
16. Applications of GIS
Navigation (Routing and Scheduling):
Surveying
GIS Applications in Geology
GIS for Planning and Community Development
Tourism Information System
Worldwide Earthquake Information System
Energy Use Tracking and Planning:
GIS for Fisheries and Ocean Industries
Traffic Density Studies:
Space Utilization
Location Identification
River Crossing Site Selection for Bridges
Regional Planning
Municipal Infrastructure
Wastewater Management
17. Human Development Index and Ecological
Footprint of India Vs. other countries and
analysis
India ranks 132 on the Human Development Index as global
development stalls
The Human Development Report shows that progress
globally is in reverse. India’s decline in human development
mirrors this trend – impacted by intersecting crises. But there
is good news. Compared to 2019, the impact of inequality
on human development is lower. India is bridging the
human development gap between men and women
faster than the world. This development has come at a
smaller cost to the environment. India's growth story reflects
the country's investments in inclusive growth, social
protection, gender-responsive policies, and push towards
renewables to ensure no one is left behind," says Shoko
Noda, UNDP Resident Representative in India.
18. THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF INDIA
In 1996 the concept of ecological footprint was created. It became a valuable index for
measuring the pressure of the human beings on the biosphere. It helps to understand the
amount of resources we use and the emissions we produce to support our lifestyle. The
comparison between the rates obtained for each country can distinguish those who have a
lighter ecological footprint, which contribute little to threaten the environmental destruction,
and those who have a heavier footprint, with a strong negative impact on the sustainability
of our civilization. The ecological footprint measures the pressure on natural resources due to
population consumption and life style. It estimates the biologically productive area required
to provide the natural resources we use in our daily life: the resources used in the house we
live in, the furniture and objects, clothes, transportation that we use, what we eat, what we
do at leisure and to absorb carbon dioxide emissions.
It is measured in global hectares (gha), and global hectares per capita (gha/pc). A global
hectare quantifies the biocapacity and measures the average productivity of all
biologically productive areas in a given year. A global hectare per capita refers to the
amount of biologically productive land and water consumed per person. The United Arab
Emirates (10.7 gha/pc), Qatar (10.5) and the United States (8.0) are those with heavier
ecological footprint per capita, i.e., they threaten the global sustainability. An average
German uses 5.1 hectares, a Brazilian, 2.9; a Chinese, 2.2. In Japan 4,7. Russia, 4.4, Portugal,
4.5, Argentina, 2.6. The average Indian has an ecological footprint of 0.9 gha/pc. The global
footprint is 2.7 global hectares per capita. If the entire population of the planet adopted a
lifestyle similar to the U.S., we would need four planets Earth because the biocapacity of a
single planet is insufficient to sustain the demands of the population.
19. An alternate version of the world map
representing Human Development Index categories
(based on 2021 data, published in 2022)
Very high
High
Medium
Low
No data
The United Nations
Development
Programme (UNDP)
compiles the Human
Development Index (HDI)
of 191 nations in the
annual Human
Development Report. The
index considers
the health, education an
d income in a given
country to provide a
measure of human
development which is
comparable between
countries and over
time.[1][2]
Human Development Index around world
