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Del ful.lerè al grafè:  el carboni, actor principal de l’enginyeria de la matèria Miquel Duran Universitat de Girona IES SS, Girona, 11/4/2011
Fa totjust 15 dies… Este proceso de condensación sucede con casi todas las moléculas de gas, dejando sólo unas pocas en forma gaseosa. Estas condiciones dejan sitio para el desarrollo de una química peculiar entre el resto de moléculas gaseosas, lo que lleva a la formación de raras especies moleculares como H2D+ and D2H+, compuestas a partir de átomos de hidrógeno (H) y su variedad más pesada, el deuterio (D). Estas peculiares moléculas han sido el objetivo de muchas búsquedas observacionales en la última década, pero debido a que se forman en cantidades tan pequeñas, son difíciles de observar. Ahora, un nuevo estudio del Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX), observando desde una prístina posición en el desierto chileno con un instrumento especial conocido como CHAMP+, ha cartografiado la distribución de las moléculas en el núcleo de la nube Rho Ophiuchi, una región de formación estelar a unos 400 años luz de la Tierra. Estas escasas moléculas han sido un objetivo observacional desde hace tiempo para los astrónomos.
Astroquímica Què hi ha allà dalt?
Empremta Digital de Molècules Espectre Vibracional (representació dels diferents  moviments de vibració)
Què tenim? Suposem una molècula amb fórmula C2H4O2, per a la qual es proposen dues estructures A i B, cadascuna amb un espectre característic:
Astroquímica Què hi ha allà dalt?
Del ful.lerè al grafè… Però primer, el benzè
Antracè interestel.lar Una col.laboració de l’Institut Astrofísic de Canàries ha permés detectar molècules d’antracè, formades per tres anells d’àtoms de carboni. Es tracta d’una molècula orgànica força grossa. El titular del Discovery News la titlla de prebiòtica, formada per carboni i hidrogen i conté molts d’enllaços conjugats. Segons la nota de premsa de l’IAC, a la mateixa zona s’hi ha trobat una altra concentració de molècules de carboni radicalàries, sempre molt reactives. La distància a la qual s’ha trobat és de 700 anys-llum.  (25/6/2010)
PAHs: hidrocarburs aromàtics policíclics a l’espai
Monstre de l’espai (Chemistry World 2007) Astrochemists who waited 25 years to find an anion in space have spotted three in less than a year. The latest detection, the octatetraynyl ion (C8H-), is the largest negatively charged molecule ever seen in space, beating C4H- and C6H-, discovered late last year. The recent anion bonanza forces a rethink in models of interstellar chemistry, say astronomers.  US teams at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Virginia, and the Harvard Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, Massachusetts, detected the octatetraynyl ion in a cold, dark gas cloud in the constellation Taurus, and also in the envelope of gas surrounding a dying giant star in the constellation Leo. The scientists matched radiowave signals collected by the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia to laboratory measurements of the C8H- spectrum.  Around 150 molecules have so far been identified in the interstellar gas clouds from which comets, stars and planets eventually form. A dozen are cations, formed when UV radiation strips away an electron. As far back as 1981, Eric Herbst suggested that negative molecular ions might be found in gas clouds, but astronomers had doubted that molecules could hold onto extra electrons long enough to be spotted. 'That's obviously not the case,' said Mike McCarthy of the Harvard team. 'Anions are surprisingly abundant.'   
Nanonaus: futbal.lens a la vista Now, a team of astronomers has found that in the dusty environment around a white dwarf star lying about 6500 light years from Earth, a few per cent of the carbon is in the form of buckyballs. T The astronomers used the Spitzer Space Telescope to detect the distinctive infrared spectrum of buckyballs made of 60 and 70 carbon atoms in a dusty nebula around the white dwarf. The team suspects that abundant carbon and a lack of hydrogen in the nebula created just the right environment to give rise to buckyballs. When hydrogen is present, it combines with carbon, preventing the pure-carbon spheres from forming. (New Scientist, 7/2010)
Nanonaus: metorits We report on the discovery of naturally occurring fullerenes (C60 to C400) in the Allende and Murchison meteorites and some sediment samples from the 65 million-year-old Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary layer (KTB). Unlike the other pure forms of carbon (diamond and graphite), fullerenes are extractable in an organic solvent (e.g., toluene or 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene). The recognition of this unique property led to the detection and isolation of the higher fullerenes in the Kratschmer/Huffmann arc evaporated graphite soot and in the carbon material in the meteorite and impact deposits. By further exploiting the unique ability of the fullerene cage structure to encapsulate and retain noble gases, we have determined that both the Allende and Murchison fullerenes and the KTB fullerenes contain trapped noble gases with ratios that can only be described as extraterrestrial in origin. (PNAS 2000)
NanoEstructures Ful·lerens: C60
Ful.lerens diversos Collarets de ful.lerè (sintetitzats) Ful.lerens recreatius: paper, globus, cartes
Clathrus ruber (Reixes del Diable)
NanoCotxes
Ascensor espacial
Una nanoràdio The nanotube radio, invented in 2007 by physicist Alex Zettl and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, performs a set of amazing feats: a single carbon nanotube tunes in a broadcast signal, amplifies it, converts it to an audio signal and then sends it to an external speaker in a form that the human ear can readily recognize.
Totjust fa pocs dies (AJP 5-Abr): del Gat de Schrödinger al Pop de Schrödinger  Interferència quàntica de grans molècules: dualitat ona-partícula
L’experiment del gat de Schrödinger Viu o mort? Carta vermella o negra?
Totjust fa pocs dies (AJP 5-Abr): del Gat de Schrödinger al Pop de Schrödinger
El grafè
Llapis i grafè D.I.Y. Graphene: How to Make One-Atom-Thick Carbon Layers With Sticky Tape
Informàtica i Grafè Spin computers, when developed, would utilize the electron’s spin state to store and process vast amounts of information while using less energy, generating less heat and performing much faster than conventional computers in use today. Es tracta de memòries basades en tenir “0″ i “1″ segons l’spin d’un electró sigui d’un tipus o d’un altre. L’spin d’un electró és una propietat mecanoquàntica que no té analogia clàssica, i només pot tenir dos valors. El problema, que ja s’ha trobat en ordinadors quàntics basats en propietats d’spin, és mantenir l’estat quàntic sense alterar durant un temps significatiu. En l’article de Kawakami s’hi esmenta que els electrons injectats al grafè que són detectats atravessant un aïllant per efecte túnel poden durar fins a mig nanosegon, és a dir, de l’ordre d’un cicle dels actuals processadors que són utilitzats als ordinadors habituals. Els avantatges de memòries basades en els spins dels electrons són força òbvies: molta més densitat d’informació, i molta menys energia requerida per canviar el valor de cada bit. Però cal encara superar moltes dificultats, i per això els investigadors senyalen que caldran al menys 5 anys per tenir algun dispositiu pràctic que faci alguna cosa.
Més info: graphene-info.com El meu ordinador: 2 GHz aprox.  IBM researchers develop a 155 Ghz graphene transistor using a diamond-like carbon substrate
Premis Nobel Química 1996: Ful.lerens Física 2010: Grafè Una nostra aportació: Itinerari Químic Augmentat Iphone, Android: aplicació Layar
Ciència espectacular El youtube proporciona bons exemples de ciència espectacular i engrescadora: videos promocionals Física Química Realitat augmentada (ciència augmentada)
Som a l’Any Internacional de la Química! CatQuimica.Cat Seguiu al twitter @univgirona @catquimica Seguiu a facebook Udg.universitat catquimica
I el meu químic preferit… en Panoràmix Per saber-ne més: http://miquelduran.net http://edunomia.net http://c4d.udg.edu miquel.duran@udg.edu twitter, facebook: miquelduran Moltes gràcies per la vostra atenció!

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110411 iesss-fullere-grafe

  • 1.
  • 2. Del ful.lerè al grafè: el carboni, actor principal de l’enginyeria de la matèria Miquel Duran Universitat de Girona IES SS, Girona, 11/4/2011
  • 3. Fa totjust 15 dies… Este proceso de condensación sucede con casi todas las moléculas de gas, dejando sólo unas pocas en forma gaseosa. Estas condiciones dejan sitio para el desarrollo de una química peculiar entre el resto de moléculas gaseosas, lo que lleva a la formación de raras especies moleculares como H2D+ and D2H+, compuestas a partir de átomos de hidrógeno (H) y su variedad más pesada, el deuterio (D). Estas peculiares moléculas han sido el objetivo de muchas búsquedas observacionales en la última década, pero debido a que se forman en cantidades tan pequeñas, son difíciles de observar. Ahora, un nuevo estudio del Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX), observando desde una prístina posición en el desierto chileno con un instrumento especial conocido como CHAMP+, ha cartografiado la distribución de las moléculas en el núcleo de la nube Rho Ophiuchi, una región de formación estelar a unos 400 años luz de la Tierra. Estas escasas moléculas han sido un objetivo observacional desde hace tiempo para los astrónomos.
  • 4. Astroquímica Què hi ha allà dalt?
  • 5.
  • 6. Empremta Digital de Molècules Espectre Vibracional (representació dels diferents moviments de vibració)
  • 7. Què tenim? Suposem una molècula amb fórmula C2H4O2, per a la qual es proposen dues estructures A i B, cadascuna amb un espectre característic:
  • 8. Astroquímica Què hi ha allà dalt?
  • 9. Del ful.lerè al grafè… Però primer, el benzè
  • 10. Antracè interestel.lar Una col.laboració de l’Institut Astrofísic de Canàries ha permés detectar molècules d’antracè, formades per tres anells d’àtoms de carboni. Es tracta d’una molècula orgànica força grossa. El titular del Discovery News la titlla de prebiòtica, formada per carboni i hidrogen i conté molts d’enllaços conjugats. Segons la nota de premsa de l’IAC, a la mateixa zona s’hi ha trobat una altra concentració de molècules de carboni radicalàries, sempre molt reactives. La distància a la qual s’ha trobat és de 700 anys-llum. (25/6/2010)
  • 11.
  • 12. PAHs: hidrocarburs aromàtics policíclics a l’espai
  • 13.
  • 14. Monstre de l’espai (Chemistry World 2007) Astrochemists who waited 25 years to find an anion in space have spotted three in less than a year. The latest detection, the octatetraynyl ion (C8H-), is the largest negatively charged molecule ever seen in space, beating C4H- and C6H-, discovered late last year. The recent anion bonanza forces a rethink in models of interstellar chemistry, say astronomers.  US teams at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Virginia, and the Harvard Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, Massachusetts, detected the octatetraynyl ion in a cold, dark gas cloud in the constellation Taurus, and also in the envelope of gas surrounding a dying giant star in the constellation Leo. The scientists matched radiowave signals collected by the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia to laboratory measurements of the C8H- spectrum.  Around 150 molecules have so far been identified in the interstellar gas clouds from which comets, stars and planets eventually form. A dozen are cations, formed when UV radiation strips away an electron. As far back as 1981, Eric Herbst suggested that negative molecular ions might be found in gas clouds, but astronomers had doubted that molecules could hold onto extra electrons long enough to be spotted. 'That's obviously not the case,' said Mike McCarthy of the Harvard team. 'Anions are surprisingly abundant.'   
  • 15. Nanonaus: futbal.lens a la vista Now, a team of astronomers has found that in the dusty environment around a white dwarf star lying about 6500 light years from Earth, a few per cent of the carbon is in the form of buckyballs. T The astronomers used the Spitzer Space Telescope to detect the distinctive infrared spectrum of buckyballs made of 60 and 70 carbon atoms in a dusty nebula around the white dwarf. The team suspects that abundant carbon and a lack of hydrogen in the nebula created just the right environment to give rise to buckyballs. When hydrogen is present, it combines with carbon, preventing the pure-carbon spheres from forming. (New Scientist, 7/2010)
  • 16. Nanonaus: metorits We report on the discovery of naturally occurring fullerenes (C60 to C400) in the Allende and Murchison meteorites and some sediment samples from the 65 million-year-old Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary layer (KTB). Unlike the other pure forms of carbon (diamond and graphite), fullerenes are extractable in an organic solvent (e.g., toluene or 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene). The recognition of this unique property led to the detection and isolation of the higher fullerenes in the Kratschmer/Huffmann arc evaporated graphite soot and in the carbon material in the meteorite and impact deposits. By further exploiting the unique ability of the fullerene cage structure to encapsulate and retain noble gases, we have determined that both the Allende and Murchison fullerenes and the KTB fullerenes contain trapped noble gases with ratios that can only be described as extraterrestrial in origin. (PNAS 2000)
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 20. Ful.lerens diversos Collarets de ful.lerè (sintetitzats) Ful.lerens recreatius: paper, globus, cartes
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 27. Una nanoràdio The nanotube radio, invented in 2007 by physicist Alex Zettl and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, performs a set of amazing feats: a single carbon nanotube tunes in a broadcast signal, amplifies it, converts it to an audio signal and then sends it to an external speaker in a form that the human ear can readily recognize.
  • 28. Totjust fa pocs dies (AJP 5-Abr): del Gat de Schrödinger al Pop de Schrödinger Interferència quàntica de grans molècules: dualitat ona-partícula
  • 29. L’experiment del gat de Schrödinger Viu o mort? Carta vermella o negra?
  • 30. Totjust fa pocs dies (AJP 5-Abr): del Gat de Schrödinger al Pop de Schrödinger
  • 32. Llapis i grafè D.I.Y. Graphene: How to Make One-Atom-Thick Carbon Layers With Sticky Tape
  • 33. Informàtica i Grafè Spin computers, when developed, would utilize the electron’s spin state to store and process vast amounts of information while using less energy, generating less heat and performing much faster than conventional computers in use today. Es tracta de memòries basades en tenir “0″ i “1″ segons l’spin d’un electró sigui d’un tipus o d’un altre. L’spin d’un electró és una propietat mecanoquàntica que no té analogia clàssica, i només pot tenir dos valors. El problema, que ja s’ha trobat en ordinadors quàntics basats en propietats d’spin, és mantenir l’estat quàntic sense alterar durant un temps significatiu. En l’article de Kawakami s’hi esmenta que els electrons injectats al grafè que són detectats atravessant un aïllant per efecte túnel poden durar fins a mig nanosegon, és a dir, de l’ordre d’un cicle dels actuals processadors que són utilitzats als ordinadors habituals. Els avantatges de memòries basades en els spins dels electrons són força òbvies: molta més densitat d’informació, i molta menys energia requerida per canviar el valor de cada bit. Però cal encara superar moltes dificultats, i per això els investigadors senyalen que caldran al menys 5 anys per tenir algun dispositiu pràctic que faci alguna cosa.
  • 34. Més info: graphene-info.com El meu ordinador: 2 GHz aprox. IBM researchers develop a 155 Ghz graphene transistor using a diamond-like carbon substrate
  • 35. Premis Nobel Química 1996: Ful.lerens Física 2010: Grafè Una nostra aportació: Itinerari Químic Augmentat Iphone, Android: aplicació Layar
  • 36. Ciència espectacular El youtube proporciona bons exemples de ciència espectacular i engrescadora: videos promocionals Física Química Realitat augmentada (ciència augmentada)
  • 37. Som a l’Any Internacional de la Química! CatQuimica.Cat Seguiu al twitter @univgirona @catquimica Seguiu a facebook Udg.universitat catquimica
  • 38. I el meu químic preferit… en Panoràmix Per saber-ne més: http://miquelduran.net http://edunomia.net http://c4d.udg.edu miquel.duran@udg.edu twitter, facebook: miquelduran Moltes gràcies per la vostra atenció!