The document summarizes the evolution of communication technologies from wired to wireless and the development of machine-to-machine (M2M) communication and the Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses wired and wireless communication technologies and compares their characteristics. It then explains M2M technology and how it enables direct device connections. Next, it describes how IoT expanded upon M2M by connecting physical devices and sensors over the internet. It provides an overview of IoT architecture, protocols, applications and algorithms. Finally, it discusses future trends in IoT including low power sensing, efficient connectivity and reliable communication.

1. A Brief Review on: Evolution of
Communication Technologies
Presentation On
Presented By:
Radha R. Mahalle
1st Year M.tech (ESC)
Id:16055017
Guided By:
Prof. S.S. Mathurkar
Assistant Prof.
(Electronic and telecommu.
Dept.)
Government College of Engineering, Amravati
(An autonomous Institute of Government of Maharashtra)
Courtesy: Reference[11]

2. Contents
o Introduction
o Literature Review
o Types of Communication channels
o Wired communication Technology
o Wireless communication Technology
o M2M Communication Technology
o Internet of Things
o Future Scope
o Conclusion
o References

3. Introduction
o The transfer of data between point to point or multipoint communication is
done by using transmitter and receiver.
o Examples of such: optical fiber, copper wires, wireless communication
channels ,etc.
o Data is represented as an electromagnetic signal, such as voltage,
microwave, etc.
Fig: Block Diagram of Communication
System
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Noise

4. Sr No Paper Title Author Year of
Publication
Conclusion
1 Comparisons of
wired and wireless
network:
A Review
1.Navpreet Kaur
2.Sangeeta
Monga
2014 The wired Computer Networks
provide a secure and faster means
of connectivity but the need of
mobility i.e. anywhere, anytime and
anyone access is tilting the network
users towards wireless technology.
Wireless technology has high
mobility.
2. Comparative Study
of Communication
Technologies for
Power Optimized
Automation
Systems: A
Review and
Implementation
Amol Baviskar,
Jaypal Baviskar,
Swapnil Wagh,
Afshan Mulla,
Piyush Dave
2015 The paper summarizes all the
specifications and features provided
by ZigBee, UWB, Bluetooth, Wi-
Fi, GSM, Z-Wave and Insteon
technologies. It gives information
about applications which are
specific to automation sector and
provides suitable
standards to be deployed
Literature Review

5. Sr
No.
Paper Title Author Name Year of
Publication
Conclusion
3 The Evolution of
M2M into IoT
1. Mahbubul
Alam
2. Rasmus H.
Nielsen
3. Neeli R.
Prasad
2013 In this Some of the considerations
to be made when moving from
M2M and into the
commercialization of IoT as it is
envisioned.
4. A Survey on IOT
Architecture,
Protocols,
Applications,
Security, Privacy,
Real-world
Implementation and
future trends.
1. Surapon
Kraijak,
2. Panwit
Tuwanut1
2015 The paper describes the evolution
and how important of IoT in daily
life, the generic architecture, its
most widely used protocols,
numerous possible applications,
future trends.
5 Internet of Things:
Comparative Study
on Classification
Algorithms (k-NN,
Naive Bayes and
Case based
Reasoning)
1. Roshna
Chettri
2. Shrijana
Pradhan
3. Lekhika
Chettri
November
2015
Among three algorithm that have
been discussed case base
reasoning is better according to
study as case base reasoning
reduces the computational time
and solve more complicated cases
and also work with the huge data .

6. Types Of Communication Channel
Communication Channel
Wireless ChannelWired Channel
o A channel is way to convey a message
o It refers to either a physical transmission such as a wire or to a logical
connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel
o Modes of transmission are: simplex, half duplex or full duplex
o Types of transmission are: parallel and serial

7. Wired communication technology
o Wired technology is more associated
with wired communication i.e. it uses the
wired channel
o Wired communication refers to the
transmission of data over a wire-based
communication technology.
o Examples include telephone networks,
cable television or internet access, and
fiber-optic communication
Courtesy: Reference[10]

8. o Advantages
1.Security-it offers a more secure connection
2. Reliability-offers a more reliable connection
3. High Speed Communication e.g: Cat5 ethernet cabling runs at
100Mbps or 1Gbps speed
o Disadvantages
1. Large Number of physical Connections Required
2. More expensive to set up
3. More time consuming

9. o The term wireless refers to the
communication over a distance without
requiring wires, cables.
o Information is transmitted through air,
without requiring any cables by using
electro-magnetic waves like radio
frequencies, infrared, satellite etc.
o There are many wireless communication
technologies such as wifi, bluetooth, zig-
bee, wi-max etc
courtesy: Mtz&Rdz´s company
Wireless communication technology

10. o Comparison of Wireless Technologies
Parameter Bluetooth Zig-Bee Wi-fi Wi-Max
IEEE Standard IEEE
802.15.1
IEEE
802.15.4
IEEE 802.11
a/b/g
IEEE
802.16
Frequency Band 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz to
5 GHz
2 - 11GHz ;
10 – 66GHz
Speed 0.75 Mbps 250 Kbps 54Mbps Up to
80Mbps
Access
Technique
TDMA CSMA-CA CSMA-CA SOFDMA
Rang 10Meter 10 to 20
Meters
100Meter 50Km

11. o A machine-to-machine (M2M)
refers direct connections between
devices (e.g., sensors, vending
machines ,vehicles ,etc).
o Cellular wireless technologies will be
a potential candidate for providing the
last mile M2M connectivity.
o Example: Telemedicine is a common
area in which the M2M is uses. courtesy: Reference [9]
M2M Technology

12. o The Internet of things is the interworking of
physical devices, vehicles ,buildings and other
items embedded with electronics, software,
sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that
enable these objects to collect and exchange data.
o The IoT is Based On the M2M Connections
between the various devices, sensors, software
etc.
Courtesy: Reference[ 7]
Internet of Things(IoT)

13. Fig: The Five layer architecture of IoT
Business Layer
Middleware Layer
Network Layer
Perception Layer
Application Layer
o Architecture of IoT :

14. o IoT Protocols
Most frequently used protocols for making Machine-to-Machine
(M2M) communication in IoT are:
1. MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport)
• MQTT is a subscribes messaging transport protocol. The protocol runs
over TCP/IP or over other network protocol that provided ordered,
lossless, bi-directional connections.
• It provides Features of one-to-many message distribution
• It also required less bandwidth and low power as compare to the http

15. 2. CoAP (Constraint Application Protocol)
• CoAP is a specialized web transfer protocol for use with constrained
nodes and constrained networks
• CoAP provides a request and response interaction model between
application end points
• CoAP is designed to friendly interface with HTTP for integration with
the Web while meeting specialized requirements such as multicast
support, very low overhead and simplicity for constrained
environments

16. o Algorithms for IoT
The Algorithms used for computing of data in IoT are:
1. K-nearest neighbors algorithm
2. Case Based Reasoning
3. Naive Bayes

17. 1. K-nearest neighbors algorithm
• KNN is an non parametric lazy algorithm.
• K decides how many neighbors influence in the classification, this is
usually an odd number
Name Acid durability
(X1)
Strength
(X2)
Class
Type-1 7 7 Bad
Type-2 7 4 Bad
Type-3 3 4 Good
Type-4 1 4 Good
Task: For Type-5 Tissue, Find Class
for Acid durability(X) = 3
Strength(Y)=7
Example:

18. Step1: Calculate Distance
Formula: D=squrt((X1-X)²+(X2-Y)²), Where, X=3 and Y=7
Name Acid durability
(X1)
Strength
(X2)
Distance(D)=squrt((X1-X)²+(X2-Y)²)
Type-1 7 7 Squrt((7-3)²+(7-7)²)=4
Type-2 7 4 5
Type-3 3 4 3
Type-4 1 4 3.6
Distance Rank It is included in 3
nearest Neighbor
4 3 Yes
5 4 No
3 1 Yes
3.6 2 Yes
Step2: Determine Nearest Neighbor
Now Cosider K=3

19. Name Acid
durability
(X1)
Strength
(X2)
Distance Rank It is included
in 3 nearest
Neighbor
Category Z
Type-1 7 7 4 3 Yes Bad
Type-2 7 4 5 4 No ---
Type-3 3 4 3 1 Yes Good
Type-4 1 4 3.6 2 Yes Good
Step3: Gather the Category Z of the nearest neighbor
Step4: Use simple majority of the category of the nearest neighbor
We have seen that there are two goods and one bad, the prediction is
based on the. Therefore the type-5 tissue is belongs to Class-Good.

20. Future Scope
o IoT will derive the future technology, with various innovation and creative
product.
o The IoT can be used different sectors, the IoT based smart home will save
power consumption up to 10%
o Following subsection show three example of the IoT trend will matter:
- Low power sensing unit
- High Efficiency in connectivity
- Reliable communication

21. Conclusions
o Wired technology is more secure, reliable, cheaper and has higher data
transmission rates over wireless technology but one huge advantage that
has made wireless technology popular is mobility
o M2M provides connectivity between the various devices for exchanging
the data, using wired and wireless technologies.
o M2M technology is base of the IoT, if the IoT is tree then the roots of that
tree are nothing but the M2M
o We can implements the IoT in various application such as smart city, smart
parking, smart hospital, smart home etc

22. References
 Papers:
[1] Navpreet Kaur, Sangeeta Monga(2014) Comparison of Wired and
Wireless Network :A Review Kaur et al., International Journal of Advanced
Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol.
V/Issue II/April-June,2014/34-35
[2] Amol Baviskar, Jaypal Baviskar, Swapnil Wagh, Afshan Mulla, Piyush
Dave (2015) Comparative Study of Communication Technologies for Power
Optimized Automation Systems: A Review and Implementation. 2015 Fifth
International Conference on Communication Systems and Network
Technologies.
[3] Mahbubul Alam, Rasamus H. Nielsen, Neeli R Prasad (2013)
The Evolution Of M2M into IoT . First International Black Sea Conference
on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom)

23. [4] Surapon Kraijak, Panwit Tuwanut(2015) A survey on IoT architectures,
protocols, applications, security, privacy, real world implementation and
future trends. 11th International Conference on Wireless Communications,
Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM 2015).
[5] Roshna Chettri ,Shrijana Pradhan, Lekhika Chettri (2015) Internet of
Things: Comparative Study on Classification Algorithms (k-NN, Naive Bayes
and Case based Reasoning) International Journal of Computer Applications
(0975 – 8887) Volume 130 – No.12, November 2015.
 Website:
[6] http://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/#iot-architecture-
graphics on dated-10/12/2016
[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things#Applications on dated-
07/12/2016

24. [8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_to_machine on dated- 07/12/2016
[9] http://www.libelium.com/smart_cars_m2m_accident_prevention/ on dated
13/12/2016
[10] http://www.expertsmind.com/blog/post/ict-the-extend-synonym-of-
information-technology-in-education-732.aspx On dated-13/12/2016
[11] http://bizblog.simplex-it.com/4624/effective-project-communications-
webinar/ on dated-13/12/2016

25. Thank
You