Harsh Raghav

1. Diabetic Retinopathy
I. Complications of Diabetes for both :
Type I
Type II
II. Blood Glucose levels increases for a
long ,changes occur in tiny blood vessels
that supply blood to retina
III. Person notices:
Blotch
Blurriness
Dark spots

2. What causes Diabetic Retinopathy ?
Hyperglycemia (Diabetes)
High Blood Sugar
Changes Blood vessels of Retina
Blood vessels (Retina) swell and leak fluid
Fluid leaks into “Macula”
Blurred Vision

3. Symptoms:
Patients complain of spots or floaters
Central vision may become blurred or go
in and out of focus
Patients may complain of blockage of
vision
Others may notice difficulty seeing at
night
Risk Factors:
Diabetes
Pregnancy
High Blood Pressure
High Cholesterol

4. Stages:
Mild non-proliferative
Moderate non-proliferative
Severe non-proliferative
Proliferative

5. Diabetic Neuropathy
Affect nerves throughout the body (most commonly affects nerves
in feet and legs)
Types of Diabetic Neuropathy
 Peripheral neuropathy
 Autonomic neuropathy
 Focal neuropathy
 Proximal Neuropathy
What causes Neuropathy ?
 Lifestyle factors-smoking,alcohol consumption
 Metabolic factors (duration of diabetes)
 Nerve and blood vessel factors (damage to blood vessels)
 Nerve injury such as Carpal tunnel syndrome

6. Symptoms of Neuropathy
Numbness, “pins and needles” sensation in feet, legs or arms
Neuropathy can lead to muscle weakness in affected areas
Diabetes : A leading cause of peripheral neuropathy, 60-70%
people with Diabetes have mild to severe forms of
nervous system damage
Kidney disorders : High amounts of toxic substances in the
blood can damage nerve tissue, patients requiring
dialysis may develop polyneuropathy
Vit. Deficiency : Vitamins deficiencies particularly
(E,B1,B6,B12) are essential to healthy nerve function.
Thiamine deficiency can cause painful neuropathy of
extremities

7. Oxidative Stress and Alpha-lipoic acid
Hyperglycemia
Polyol Glucose auto-
Pathway oxidation
AGE
formation
Oxidative Stress X
Nerve Ischemia
ALA increases Glutathione (GSH), which is an important anti-
oxidant.
ALA acts as powerful lipophilic, free radical scavenger

8. Methylcobalamin
 Neurologically active form of Vit.B12
 Provoke re-generation of nerves without side-
effects
 Vit.B12 and Folate (Folic acid) work
synergistically
 Have role in methylation (process for the
maintenance of brain chemistry and nerves and
plays role in synthesis of Dopamine)

9. Benfothiamine
 Lipid soluble form of Thiamine
(Vit.B12)
 Effective precursor of active Thiamine
 Used in treatment of alcohol neuritis
 Used in General nerve
health, Fibromyalgia

10. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal phosphate):
 Water soluble Vitamin
 Acts as a cofactor in many reactions of amino acid
metabolism
 Also necessary for enzymatic reaction governing the release
of glucose from glycogen
 Neurotransmitter synthesis
 Hemoglobin synthesis and function

11. Biotin (Vit.H):
Symptoms of overt biotin deficiency include:
 Hair loss (alopecia)
 Conjunctivitis
 Dermatitis in the form of a scaly red rash around the eyes,
nose, mouth, and genital area.
 Neurological symptoms in adults such as depression, lethargy,
hallucination, and numbness and tingling of the extremities

12. Say NO to
Diabetes
and YES to
Life
Thank You