1. XML QUERY LANGUAGE AND NAVIGATION

2.  XML sprang to life as a metalanguage that can be used to describe any sort of data and
documents using a truly hierarchical representation, or a representation that simply looks
hierarchical.
 In the Microsoft .NET Framework, XPath is fully supported through the classes defined in the
System.Xml.XPath namespace
 What Is Xpath ?
 XPath is a general-purpose query language for addressing and filtering both the elements and
the text of an XML document. As the name suggests, the XPath notation is basically
declarative. A valid XPath expression looks like a path to a particular set of nodes or a value
excerpted from the source document.

3.  XPath works on top of a tree-based representation of the source document.
 The path expresses a node pattern using a notation that emphasizes the hierarchical
relationship between the nodes.

4.  This expression states: find all the address nodes that happen to be children of the customer
element. But on which nodes is this expression evaluated? An Xpath expression is always
evaluated in the context of a node. The context node is designated by the application and
represents the starting point of the query. Expressing the concept of the context node in terms
of file system paths, we could say that the appropriate file system counterpart for the context
node is the current directory. The nodes affected by the expression form the context node-set.
The final set of nodes that is actually returned to the application is a subset of the context
node-set that includes only those nodes that match the specified criteria.

5.  Context of XPath Queries
 The context of an XPath query includes, but is not limited to, a context node and a context node-set. The
node-set. The XPath context also contains position and namespace information, variable bindings, and a
bindings, and a standard library of functions. We'll look at the contents of the XPath context in detail in
detail in this section.
 In the .NET Framework, the context node is the XmlNode object on which you call either the SelectNodes

6. A SAMPLE XML TREE IN WHICH THE NODE NUMBERS INDICATE THE ORDER IN WHICH NODES ARE VISITED BY THE
XPATH QUERY PROCESSOR.

7.  Position Information
 An XPath context is characterized by a position and a size. The position attribute is a one-based value

8.  XPath and Namespaces
 The XPath processor uses node information to determine whether a match exists with the current
current expression. The most important information used by XPath expressions is the node's name, type,
name, type, and attributes. XPath fully supports XML namespaces and splits the name of a node into two
node into two constituent parts: the namespace URI and the local name. The set of namespaces declared
namespaces declared in scope for the context node is used to qualify node names in the expression.
expression.
 Variable Bindings
 An XPath expression can contain variable references that are resolved through a set of in-memory
memory bindings established between variable names and actual values. Each variable holds a value
a value whose type is normally one of the four base types—node-set, string, Boolean, and number. It is

9. WHAT IS XPOINTER?
 XPointer is used to locate data within an XML document. When XML documents need to point
to external resources, they can declare an entity reference or, more effectively, include the
whole resource, using the XML Inclusion (XInclude) syntax. XInclude—a W3C recommendation
candidate—links the host document to an external resource, or a portion of it. XPointer defines
the syntax you use to specify the addressed portion of the document.
 Normally, to indicate a particular position in an XML document, you attach a fragment
identifier to the document's URL. A fragment identifier is marked by a number sign (#) and
follows the document's URL. For example, the URL http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr/#conformance
points to the portion of the document labeled with the conformance name. With XPointer, you
can use the XPath syntax to identify with greater flexibility a particular location in the external
document

10.  How XPointer Uses Xpath
 An XPointer fragment identifier can be the name of a particular portion of the target document, but it

11. XPATH IN THE XML DOM
 In the .NET Framework, you can make use of XPath expressions in two ways: through the XML DOM or
by means of a new and more flexible API based on the concept of the XPath navigator.
 In the former case, you use XPath expressions to select nodes within the context of a living instance of
the XmlDocument class.

12. THE XML DOM NODE RETRIEVAL API
 When using XPath queries to query an XML DOM instance, you can use the SelectNodes method of the
XmlDocument class. In particular, SelectNodes returns a collection that contains instances of all the
XmlNode objects that match the specified expression. If you don't need the entire node-set, but instead
plan to use the query to locate the root of a particular subtree, use the SelectSingleNode method.
 SelectSingleNode takes an XPath expression and returns a reference to the first match found.

14.  The XPathNavigator Class
 The programming interface of the navigator object is defined in the XPathNavigator abstract class. The
class. The XPathNavigator class represents a generic interface designed to act as a reader for any data
any data that exposes its contents as XML.
 Functionally speaking, the XPathNavigator class is not much different from a pseudoclass that simply
simply groups together all the XML DOM methods (ChildNodes, SelectNodes, and SelectSingleNode) to

15. XPATH NAVIGATORS AND XML READERS
 The MSDN documentation defines an XPath navigator as a class that reads data from an XML-based
data store using a cursor model. XPathNavigator, therefore, provides read-only, random access to the
underlying XML-based data.

16.  XPath navigators and XML readers are radically different objects, although both look like client-
side cursors for reading XML data. Let's review the key differences:
 Connection model
 Navigation interface
 Programming interface

17. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CALLERS, NAVIGATORS, AND
ITERATORS.

18.  On the long road to standardization, XPath seems like the first significant step toward a
universal query language to keep up with the universal protocol (HTTP), the universal data
description language (XML), and the universal remote procedure call protocol (SOAP).