This document discusses smart energy and the transition to a smarter electric grid. It defines smart energy as integrating technologies like renewable power generation, energy storage, electric vehicle charging infrastructure, advanced metering infrastructure, and building energy management systems. The key benefits are more reliable and efficient energy delivery, better integration of renewable energy sources, and giving consumers more control over their energy usage. The document outlines the various components of a smart grid including generation, transmission & distribution networks, energy storage, demand management, and sensor technologies.

1. Getting Smart About
Smart Energy
Robert D. Cormia
Foothill College

2. Agenda – Learning Goals
• Smart energy paradigm
• What problem are we solving?
• Benefits of smart energy
• Smart grid architecture
• Integrating renewables
• EV charging infrastructure
The right energy at the right time!

3. What is Smart Energy?
• Robust transmission /
distribution grid (T&D)
• Omnidirectional
communications
• AMI, DR, and energy
informatics / analytics
• Integrating renewables
• EV charging networks
• New business models -
electronomics

4. Smart Energy Defined
• Integrating key technologies
– Power grid / distribution
– Power generation (RE)
– Power systems & AMI
– Transportation systems
– Telecommunications (HAN)
– Information Technology (IT)
• A Smart Grid transforms the way power is delivered, consumed and
accounted for. Adding intelligence throughout the newly networked grid
increases reliability and power quality; improves responsiveness; increases
efficiency; handles current and future demand; potentially reduces costs
for the provider and consumer; and provides the communication platform
for new applications (The Smart Grid in 2010 – Green Tech Media
Research)

5. ‘Right Sourcing’ Energy
• Smart energy vs. smart grid
• Bringing renewables into the mix
• Storing energy for transient release
• Metering for time of use (TOU) transactions
– Demand Response (DR) Virtual Power (VPP)
• Smart EV charging infrastructure
The right energy at the right time!

6. Smart Energy Paradigm
Distribution
Generation
Storage
Demand
The ‘Right Energy at the Right Time’ – ‘Right Sourcing’ Generation, Distribution, and End Use of Energy

7. Five Key ‘Quadrants’
• Electrical Generation
• Transmission and Distribution – T&D
• Energy Storage (battery, hydro, fuel cell)
• Electrical Load (demand / management)
• Management (sensors and analytics)

8. Generation Types
• Fossil – coal and natural gas
• Nuclear – base load
• Hydro – clean and affordable
• Wind – clean but intermittent
• Solar – peak shaving
• Geothermal – steam energy

9. Grid Overview (T&D)
• Generation
• Transmission
• Distribution
• High voltage / AC
• Substations

10. Grid Definitions
The electric grid delivers electricity from points of
generation to consumers, and the electricity delivery
network functions via two primary systems: the
transmission system and the distribution system. The
transmission system delivers electricity from power plants
to distribution substations, while the distribution
system delivers electricity from distribution substations to
consumers. The grid also encompasses myriads of local
area networks that use distributed energy resources to
serve local loads and/or to meet specific application
requirements for remote power, village or district power,
premium power, and critical loads protection.
http://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htm

11. Traditional Power Grid

13. GHG Emissions by Source
http://eia.doe.gov/

14. Electrical Grid Networks
An electric grid is a network of synchronized power
providers and consumers that are connected by
transmission and distribution lines and operated by one
or more control centers. When most people talk about
the power "grid," they're referring to the transmission
system for electricity.
The continental United States does not have a national
grid. Instead, there are three grids: the Eastern
Interconnect, the Western Interconnect and the Texas
Interconnect. In Alaska and Hawaii, several smaller
systems interconnect parts of each state.
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/electric-grid.html

15. Demand (Load)
• Voltage drops /
current demand
• Distribution networks
• Appliances plug loads
• EV charging
• ESP – Energy
Service Providers
• Storage (systems)

16. Power Management
• Management is everything!
• Monitoring loads over time
• Using predictive analytics
• Storing energy for timely distribution
• Holding load back (load shifting)
• Coordinating load uptake (renewables)

17. Why Smart Energy?
• Our system is ‘load driven’
• One way communication
• Load isn’t ‘managed’
• ‘Right sourcing’ energy
• Power grid needs to act
like an intelligent system

18. Smart Energy and Smart Grid
• Right sourcing energy
• Microgrids (transitional link between
smart grid and smart energy)
• Smart grid merges Internet technology
and power systems mgmt / distribution
• Maximizing integration of renewables
• Matching generation with demand

19. Transportation
• Transition to EV/PHEV
• Load is significant
• Need smart charging
infrastructure
• Connected to storage
• Integrated billing
systems
• Microgrid solutions?

21. A plug-in hybrid or full electric EV
looks like an entire house to the
utility. The majority of electric
vehicles will need to draw power at
about the same time of day. Need
to coordinate EV charging through
two-way Internet communications,
including transfer of ‘stored power’
EVs use half to a
quarter of the BTUs
per mile compared
to ICE (gasoline),
and GHG emissions
can be significantly
lower if RE is used.

22. Wind Power – Real Power

23. Why Wind is the Answer to EV
• One motor winds up – another unwinds
• 1MW of wind supports 1,000 EV cars
• See the math (appendix 1)
• Need to ‘forward store’ wind energy for
later EV charging (like email distribution)
• Predictive analytics, grid-scale storage,
collaborative EV charging networks are key

24. Vanadium redox flow cells
Store excess power for later use!

25. Storage of Renewables
• Grid storage
• Local storage
• EV storage
• Batteries
• Flow cells
• Tiered storage

26. Smart Metering –
Time of Use (TOU)
• This is the impetus for energy analytics
• Smart metering is great for the utility
• Bill 15 minute intervals – dynamic pricing
• Building must have ‘smarts’ to respond to
price signals, and manage demand (EMS)
• TOU can be a method to send price signals
– buildings need a ‘response plan’

27. Monitoring Everything

28. Smart Energy Metering
• Smart grid
• Smart metering
• EMS/BMS
• HAN automation
• Electrical efficiency
• Smart energy
Home Area Networks (HAN) and residential Energy Management Systems (EMS)

29. AMI/EMS/BMS/HAN

30. Smart Energy Begins at Home!

31. Network Architecture
Power Infrastructure
• Distribution network
• Metering network
• Communications systems
• Storage systems
• Wireless networks / HAN
• Data centers / management
• Building systems / BMS

32. Network Architecture

33. Energy NOC - Data Centers
http://www.enernoc.com/index.php

34. Internet Technologies
• Sensor integration
• Phasor networks
• Wireless protocols
• Embedded systems
• Grid management
Integrated communication - sensor networks powered by Internet Technology

35. IntelliGrid™ - Smart Grid
http://intelligrid.epri.com/

36. ZigBee Specification
ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the
IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), such as wireless headphones connecting with cell
phones via short-range radio. The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive
than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. ZigBee is targeted at radio-frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate, long
battery life, and secure networking. The ZigBee Alliance is a group of companies that maintain and publish the ZigBee standard.

37. Smart Grid / Micro Grid
Distributed generation (localized) in micro grids and part of a larger smart grid

38. Smart Home Micro Grid
Cornell Microgrid - Instead of relying solely on large power plants, a portion of the nation's electricity
needs could be met by small generators such as ordinary reciprocating engines, microturbines, fuel cells,
and photovoltaic systems. A small network of these generators, each of which typically produce no more
than 500 kilowatts, would provide reliable power to anything from a postal sorting facility to a
neighborhood.

39. Electronomics
Cover design for the new book by Jesse Berst, Electronomics:
How the Electricity Economy Will Create Wealth & Prosperity

40. http://www.cpowered.com/services.php
Demand Response Process

41. Demand Response
• Virtual Power
Plant (VPP)
• Aggregate
response
• Sustained ‘load
shed’ ~ 30 minutes
• Reduces peak
power demand
• Monthly revenue
and ‘per event’
http://drrc.lbl.gov/newsletter/4-07/4CERTS.html

42. Smart Energy Ecosystem

43. Players
• Utilities (T&D)
• Networking giants
• HAN vendors
• Analytics firms
• Power systems
• EMS/BMS solutions
• Storage vendors
• EV charging networks

44. Consortia and Markets
• IntelliGrid
• GridWise alliance
• Smart Energy Alliance
• PNNL
• Galvin Institute
• ZigBee
• IEEE

45. Timeline / Deployment*
• 2005 – 2015 => Roof top solar
• 2008 – 2015 => Demand response
• 2009 – 2015 => Smart metering
• 2010 – 2015 => Residential EMS/BMS
• 2011 – 2016 => EV charging networks
• 2012 – 2017 => Microgrid prototypes (US)
• 2013 – 2018 => Smart grid / SCADA
• 2014 – 2019 => Phasor network build-out
• 2015 – 2020 => Grid scale storage
• 2010 – 2030 => Renewables, T&D, EVs
*Approximate time frames for bracketing the ‘hype curve’ and building momentum

46. Skills & Opportunities
• Power systems knowledge
• Wireless networking
• Home Area Networking (HAN)
• Embedded (device) systems
• EMS/BMS implementation
• Electrical efficiency
• Energy informatics

47. A Subsystems Approach
• Renewable energy
• Distribution systems
• Smart energy
• Energy efficiency
• LEED / green building
• Electric vehicles
• Alternative fuels
• Batteries / fuel cells
• Urban planning
• GHG sequestration
Smart energy Smart cities
Smart citizens
Smart policy

48. Vision the Electron Economy

50. Summary
• Smart energy is pivotal to a new energy
economy – meeting resource / GHG goals
• Infrastructure will be complex (to build)
• Three tiers of smart grid rollout:
– Generation and transmission
– Distribution and storage
– Buildings and microgrids
• EMS/BMS/HAN is a great ‘services layer’

51. Where to Learn More
• DOE smart grid -http://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htm
• Global Smart Energy -
http://www.globalsmartenergy.com/
• Apollo Alliance - http://www.apolloalliance.org/
• PG&E Pacific Energy Center- http://www.pge.com/pec/
• Our Solar Power Future –
http://www.sandia.gov/pv/docs/PDF/PV_Road_Map.pdf
• Wind Energy Report – AIWA http://www.awea.org/
• EPRI IntelliGrid - http://intelligrid.epri.com/
• Worldwatch Institute - http://www.worldwatch.org/