Salvia officinalis (sage, also called garden sage, common sage, or culinary sage) is a perennial, evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to purplish flowers. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae and native to the Mediterranean region, though it has naturalized in many places throughout the world. It has a long history of medicinal and culinary use, and in modern times as an ornamental garden plant. The common name "sage" is also used for a number of related and unrelated species.

1. By: Raju Bishnoi
14111033
Sage
(Salvia officinalis)

2. • Common name: Common sage, Kitchen sage
• Family: Lamiaceae
• Genus: Salvia
• Distribution:
Yugoslavia, Italy, Albania, Turkey, Portugal, Spain, Cyprus, England, Canada,
USA and India.
• Common Indian name:
 Hindi: Salvia, Sefakus
 Malayalam: Salvi tulasi
 Bengali: Bui tulasi
 Panjabi: Sathi
Salvia officinalis

3. • Cultivars are quite variable in size, leaf and flower color :-
o Brownish stem is 2-3 feet high , hairy and with few branches.
o Leaves are greyish green, 7-8 cm long. On drying, leaves turns into silvery grey.
o The flowers can be blue, purple, or white in colors.
• It is a common ingredient of tooth-powders.
• it is commonly used spice in western countries in food supplements. It is used for
flavouring meat and fish dishes.
• The leaf is used to make medicine.
• Extraction of phenolics compounds, flavonoids and other components from sage (Salvia
officinalis) performed by ethanol–water mixture method. Commonly used for rosmarinic
acid, carnosol, carnosinic acid.
Salvia officinalis

4. Chemical constituents
Monoterpenes(α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Camphor, Borneol, thujone), Diterpenes(carnosol, ursolic
acid), Triterpenes(Oleanolic acid, uvaol, betulinic acid), Phenolic acid(Salvianolic acid,
Rosmarinic acid, Lithospermate B, caffeic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucoside), Flavonoids(apigenin,
Hispidine) etc.
Carnosic acid Rosmarinic acid Salvianolic acid

5. • ALZHEIMER'S TREATMENT
Rosmarinic acid enhance the activity of acetylcholine by inhibiting the activity of
acetylcholinesterage(AChE) enzyme. Taking extracts of sage (Salvia officinalis) 1g/day for 4 months
seems to improve learning, memory and information processing.
• MENTAL PERFORMANCE
Sage tea is often referred to as “thinker’s tea”. Research published in the June 2003 issue
of Pharmacological Biochemical Behavior has shown that even small amounts of sage or sage
tea can increase recall abilities, alertness and attention and helps to deal with depression.
• BONE STRENGTH
One of the most overlooked benefits of sage is actually its superior level of vitamin K, an
essential vitamin for the body that isn’t found in many common foods. If someone suffer
from early signs of osteoporosis or have lived a rather nutrient-poor, bone health is likely
low. Adding sage leaves in diet can increase your vitamin K result as a improvement in bone
strength.
Medicinal use

6. • ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
Sage contain numerous antioxidant compounds such as phenolic compounds ( carnosol,
carnosic and rosmarinic acids, rosmadial, rosmanol, epirosmanol, salvianolic acid) and
flavonoids (apigenin, hispidine).Phenolic and flavonoid compounds are mainly responsible
for the antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects of the plant.
• DIABETES
Sage extracts has anti-hyperglycemic properties. Studies have shown that this tea holds
potential for lowering blood sugar levels in the body. Drinking sage tea regularly may help to
do this, proving an effect supplement for diabetics and it may also have the potential to help
encourage insulin production in the body.
• CANCER
Carnosol, Carnosic acid, beta-ursolic acid are responsible for anti-cancer activity of sage.
These compounds arrest the cancer cells development at different phase of cell cycle.
Medicinal use(contd...)

7. • ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES
It reduce the inflammations of the skin, inflammation due to fever by reducing the
inflammatory response by altering the concentration of inflammatory messaging
molecules. The flavonoids and phenolic compounds found in sage are responsible for
these beneficial effects.
• ANTIFUNGAL, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES
The presence of camphor and camphene in gives it an antifungal property. These are capable
of inhibiting fungal infections and gives relief from fungal infections like skin diseases. The
components which give protection against fungal infections also provide protection against
microbial infections too.
• OTHER USES
Digestion, Sunburn, Obesity, Stomach pain
Medicinal use(contd...)

8. • Sage is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when taken it's high doses or for a long time
because contain a chemical called “thujone”.
• Thujone is a monoterpene and act as a gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
receptor antagonist.
• This chemical can cause seizure or can damage to the liver and nervous
systems.
Side effects and Precautions

9. • Taking sage during pregnancy is LIKELY UNSAFE because of the possibility of
consuming thujone, this could cause a miscarriage.
• Stop using common sage as a medicine at least 2 weeks before a scheduled
surgery.
• Sage might lower blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. Watch for signs of
low blood sugar and monitor blood sugar carefully if someone have diabetes.
• Common sage might lower blood pressure in people with blood pressure that is
already low so while taking sage, Be sure to monitor your blood pressure.
• Adults can consume up to 3 cups of sage tea each day, but may depends upon
health of a person.
Side effects and Precautions (contd...)

10. • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4003706/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2769154/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16923227/
• http://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380534014_Melo%20et%20al.pdf
• http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814606002913
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16923227/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11684396/
• http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jmm/60/5/612_jmm027748.pdf?expires=14871
85169&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=D310FE47D8D2ECC44B592E26D2DAC77A
• http://www.indianspices.com/spice-catalog/sage
References

11. Thank you