The document provides a detailed overview of the cardiovascular system, including the anatomy and function of the heart and circulation. It describes the layers of the heart wall, the cardiac muscle, valves, conducting system, and blood flow through the heart. It also discusses the pulmonary and systemic circuits, blood vessel anatomy, veins, capillaries, and fetal circulation. Finally, it reviews the composition of blood and the functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

1. Cardiovascular System - The Heart - Give a detailed description of the superficial and internal anatomy of the heart, including the pericardium, the myocardium, and the cardiac muscle. Explain the functioning of the valves of the heart and how they relate to the heart sounds. Discuss the conductive pathway of the heart, and relate that to clinical uses of the ECG. Goals www.freelivedoctor.com

2. Pulmonary & Systemic Circuits artery vein capillaries www.freelivedoctor.com

11. Structure and Function of Valves = Mitral valve 4 sets of valves Prevent backflow of blood Close passively under blood pressure Heart sounds produced by valve closure www.freelivedoctor.com

12. picture taken from R ventricle, looking toward R atrium Support for AV valves: valves are restrained by chordae tendinae which are in turn attached to papillary muscles (prevention of backflow!) www.freelivedoctor.com

15. Auscultation of Heart Sounds: 1st HS: at beginning of ventricular contraction, due to? 2nd HS: at beginning of ventricular diastole, due to?

16. Coronary Circulation Coronary arteries: first branches off the ascending aorta.

17. coronary veins coronary sinus right atrium (inferior to opening of inferior vena cava) posterior view www.freelivedoctor.com

19. The Circuits www.freelivedoctor.com Pulmonary Circuit:` From the “Right Heart” to the Lungs Systemic Circuit: From the “Left Heart” to Everywhere Else 65 -70% in veins (= blood reservoir); lumen is larger than in corresponding arteries 30-35% in heart, arteries and capillaries N.B. The chambers pump the same VOLUME

23. Gross Anatomy of Circulatory System Pulmonary & Systemic Circulations

24. Pulmonary Circuit Right ventricle into pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to lungs Return by way of 4 pulmonary veins to left atrium www.freelivedoctor.com

27. Circle of Willis www.freelivedoctor.com

34. Portal vein www.freelivedoctor.com

35. VEINS www.freelivedoctor.com Postcapillary venule Venule Vein Thin wall Large lumen Low pressure Low velocity Valves

36. Fetal circulation www.freelivedoctor.com During fetal life, all oxygen and nutrition comes not from the intestine and lungs, but from the placenta. The fetus has different circulatory pathways to accommodate these different needs. These pathways must change AT the time of birth.

38. Patent foramen ovale www.freelivedoctor.com

41. Pulmonary trunk & aorta and their major branches Superior & inferior vena cava and their tributaries Largest, conducting arteries – lead directly from heart, subject to high pressures www.freelivedoctor.com

42. External and internal carotids, brachial & femoral arteries External and internal jugular, brachial & femoral veins  2 - 9 mm  ~ 4 mm www.freelivedoctor.com

43.  ~ 10-50 µm  ~ 30 µm www.freelivedoctor.com

44. Capillaries Intestinal mucosa Choroid plexus, endocrine glands, kidneys Most body regions Only endothelium Variably permeable somewhat permeable Characterized by circular fenestrae or pores that penetrate the endothelium -permit exchange of larger molecules.  ~ 8 µm www.freelivedoctor.com

48. The Blood Discuss the composition of blood including the functions of the various components Explain the anatomy and functions of the red blood cells, including a description of blood typing Discuss the types of white blood cells found in the blood and give the functions of each Give a brief accounting of the platelets Review hemopoiesis, including RBC and leukocyte formation www.freelivedoctor.com

58. Formed Elements cont. Why white blood cells??? www.freelivedoctor.com