presented at World Telangana Convention organised by American Telangana Association at Houston, Texas from 29th June to 1st July, 2018

1. Telangana Agriculture
Challenges and Possible Solutions
G. V. Ramanjaneyulu
Andhra Pradesh | Maharashtra |Punjab | Sikkim | Telangana | Tripura

3. Sikkim
Tripura
Punjab
Utter Pradesh
Maharashtra
Telangana
Andhra Pradesh
CSA offices and Project sites (7 states)
Technical Support to local organisations (6 states)
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Chattisgarh
Odisha
Jharkand
West Bengal
CSA areas of Work
2018
50,000 farmers directly
200,000 farmers indirectly

4. Against small farmers and sustainable models
Low public investment
Poor regulation
Decreasing share of farmer in consumers price
Unregulated prices and quality of inputs
Increasing costs of production
Increasing risk
Low access to productive resources
Decreasing support from the government
Farmer
Market
Policy

5. 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
No. of suicides
Source: NCRB 1995-2016
Farmer Suicides in India 1995-2016
Total 329,898 in 22 years
http://www.developmentdialogue.in

6. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016
Farmers Suicides
Source: NCRB 1995-2016
Farmer Suicides in Telangana 1995-2016
Total 28,965 in 22 years
http://www.agrariancrisis.in

7. Farm Crisis and Farmer Suicides
Land size No. of Suicides % of total suicides
Landless 93 13.5%
0 - 1 acre 115 16.6%
1 - 2.5 acres 198 28.6%
2.5 - 5 acre 236 34.1%
5 – 10 acre 40 5.8%
More than 10 acres 9 1.3%
Study done by CSA and Rytu Swarajya Vedhika, 2018
Out of 692 farmers, 520 are tenant farmers, i.e., farmers who had taken land on lease and cultivated it. This
means that 75.14% of the farmer suicides are by tenant or lessee farmers. Out of this, 18% were totally
landless. Another 46% were marginal land-holders. This means that 64% of the tenant farmers were holding
less than 2.5 acres of land. Another 30% were small farmers, i.e., holding between 2.5 and 5 acres of land.
Therefore, 94% of the tenant farmers committing suicide are small and marginal farmers or landless

8. Land size No. of Tenant
Farmer
Suicides
Average
Outstanding
Bank Loan
Average
Outstanding
Private Loan
Farmers
with no
bank loan
Landless 93 ₹11,000 ₹3,64,000 75
0 - 1 acre 115 ₹38,000 ₹3,85,000 55
1 - 2.5 acres 198 ₹46,000 ₹3,85,000 67
2.5 - 5 acre 236 ₹66,000 ₹4,44,000 59
5 – 10 acre 40 ₹1,46,000 ₹4,34,000 6
> 10 acres 6 ₹1,40,000 ₹8,05,000 3
TOTAL 520 ₹50,000 ₹4,06,000 265
Tenant Farmer Suicides and Institutional Debt
Study done by CSA and Rytu Swarajya Vedhika, 2018

9. People depending on Agriculture in India
49.93%
19.5%
52.78%
16.69%
43.35%
26.33%
37.82%
22.69%
35.24%
23.75%
31.65%
26.38%
24.64%
29.96%
69.43%
69.47% 69.68%
60.51%
58.99%
58.03%
54.6%
• People depending on agriculture has come down from 69.43% to 54.6% in last 60yrs
• For the first time the number of cultivators is lower than agriculture workers both in proportion and absolute numbers
• Between 2001-2011 about 86.10 lakh people have left farming in India which is about 2358/day
• In 2011 main cultivators (depending on farm income for more than 6 months) are only 95.8 m which is about 8% of Indian population)
(People in Million) (% of working population)
Source: Census of India 1951-2011 http://www.agrariancrisis.in

10. • 63% of all women
workers in India (74%
of rural female
workforce) is in
agriculture
• Only 13% of women
have access to land
• 35 million women
cultivators
enumerated by
census 2011

11. Changes in the percentage distribution of households and area owned by
category of household ownership holdings in 2012-13 over 2002-03
Category of holdings % of households % of area owned
2002-03
(59th Round)
2012-13
(70th Round)
2002-03
(59th Round)
2012-13
(70th Round)
Landless (<0.002 ha) 10.04 7.41 0.01 0.01
Marginal* (0.002-1.00 ha) 69.63 75.42 23.01 29.75
Small (1.00-2.00 ha) 10.81 10.00 20.38 23.54
Semi-medium (2.00-4.00 ha) 6.03 5.01 21.97 22.07
Medium (4.00-10.00 ha) 2.96 1.93 23.08 18.83
Large (> 10.00 ha) 0.53 0.24 11.55 5.81
Source: NSSO 59th Round and 70th Round
More than 81.83% of agricultural households today own less than 1.00 ha of land.

12. Land distribution in Telangana
Region Land owned by 5
% of families
Land owned by 60
% of families
Land less families
Northern Telangana 32.21% 10.63% 39.26%
Southern Telangana 33.47% 4.96% 50.19%
Total 32.84% 7.80% 44.73%

13. Estimated Income and Expenditure of Farmers in India
Compiled from NSSO 59th and 70th Round
NSSO 59th Round (2003) NSSO 70th Round (2014)
Land
holding
Category Total Income
(Rs/month)
Expenditure
(Rs/Month)
% of total Total Income
(Rs/month)
Expenditure
(Rs/Month)
% of
total
<0.01 Landless 1380 2297
67.00%
4561 5108
81.83%0.01-0.4 Sub marginal 1633 2390 4152 5401
0.4-1.0 Marginal 1809 2672 5247 6020
1.0-2.0 Small 2493 3148 17.00% 7348 6457 10.00%
2.0-4.0 Semi-medium 3589 3685 10.00% 10730 7786 5.01%
4.0-10.0 Medium 5681 4626
6.00%
19637 10104 1.93%
>10.0 Large 9667 6418 41388 14447 0.24%
Total 2115 2770 6426 6223

14. Percentage share of different income sources
70th Round NSSO, 2014
(ha)
Rs. 4561 Rs. 4152 Rs. 5247 Rs. 7348 Rs. 10730
63.6 57.5
38.3
23.5
15.4 10.3
3.2
32.2
0.7 16.5
40.9
57.3 68.6 77.6 86.2
47.9
25.9
15
12 11.1 10.8 7.6 6.3
11.9
9.8 11.1 8.8 8.1 5.2 4.4 4.3 8
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
<0.01 0.01-0.4 0.41-1.0 1.01-2.00 2.01-4.00 4.01-10.00 >10.00 all sizes
Wage/salaries Cultivation Livestock Non farm business
Rs. 19637 Rs. 41388 Rs. 6426

15. Farmers income in Telangana
Sl no Particulars (Amount in Rs) Telangana (Rs/hh/annum) All India (Rs/hh/annum)
I Farmers income in base year at 2015-16 prices
a. Farm income 63,492 58,246
b. Non Farm income 22,799 38,457
Total 86,291 96,703
II Farmers income in terminal year 2022-23 at 2015-16 prices
a. Farm income 1,11,238 1,08,045
b. Non Farm income 31,916 48,108
Total 1,43,153 1,56,154
III Farmers income in terminal year 2022-23 at current prices
a. Farm income 1,56,522 1,52,031
b. Non farm income 44,909 67,693
Total 2,01,431 2,19,724
Estimation of Income (assuming the inflation @ 5% p.a. During 2015-16 to 2022-23
Source: Doubling the farmers income, Ashok Dalwai Committee http://www.agricoop.nic.in/doubling-farmers-income

16. Telangana: Socio Economic Status of Rural Areas
• As per the 2011 census, 69.69 per cent of the families live in the rural areas. The 2014
state Government Analysis shows that the main occupation of 40 percent of the households is
agriculture 12.5 percent derive their livelihood working as agricultural labour. Another 26 per cent of
the families are self-employed.
• 2011 Socio economic and caste survey shows that 57,06,101 families live in rural Telangana of which
24,17,061(42%) have ownership of land, 32,88,938(58%) do not own land. In terms of sources of
income, 14,94,378 (26.19 %) are cultivators (earning more than half of their income from agriculture)
28,29,348 (49.58 %) are agricultural workers (earning more than half of their income from labor
work).
• 2011 Socio economic and caste survey shows that households with incomes less than Rs. 5000 per
month are 43,02,997 (75.41%).
• The NSSO 70th report (2014) estimates that 89.1% of farming households in telangana are indebted
and the average outstanding loan is Rs. 93,500.00.
• The NSSO 70th round report estimates that about 60.3% of loans of the farming households are from
private money lenders.

17. Credit access
• 2017: Farm Credit Rs.11.00 lakh crore (12.08 %) of the total bank credit
against 18% norm
• Rural farm credit gets only Rs.2.48 lakh crore which equals only to 4.49
% of bank credit while the remaining 6.03 per cent — more than half of
the farm credit — is apportioned by semi-urban, urban and
metropolitan farmers
• Small loans, of below Rs.2 lakh limit, add up to Rs.2.81 lakh core, that is
5 per cent of the total credit supplied by the banks. The small and
marginal farmers' share in this could naturally be much less than this 5
per cent

18. Anatomy of loan waiver
• An young woman farmer took up farming in 2013 after completing her MBA. The very first year she had a
crop loan plus interest amount of rs. 71452 .
• The loan was waived in 8 installments over four years and total Rs. 76,604.00 including for interest was
charged for pending amounts. In 2014 she was given a loan of Rs. 26,000 only (equal to the loan
installment paid by govt). For rest of the amount she was charged interest.
• At the end of the year when she went for repayment, banks insisted to repay entire Rs. 85,000 (including
pending loan waiver amount Rs. 51,357.41). As she cudnt repay the loan kept on pending and charged
interest. Next year after second installment of loan. Waiver she got Rs. 11,500 as loan and after third
installment of loan waiver she got only Rs. 8,000 as loan.
• In all she took 45,500 as fresh loan. As she cudnt repay the loan (due to banks not accepting), interest to
the tune of Rs. 20,311 was charged.
• In addition insurance premiums for two seasons were Rs. 3730, loan inspection charges were Rs. 1500.00
(Rs. 500 per year), account maintenance charges per year are 300 so total was Rs.900. in all she is now left
with Rs. 71,941 loan again. She is unable to take fresh loan as she cannot repay. This year crop failed so no
way she can pay.
Why crop loans and this waiver was made so complicated? Why bankers refuse to accept part loan
payment? Why the farmers were not given loan to the extent they are eligible as per the scale of finance?

19. Tenant farming in Telangana
• About 35% tenant farmers
• The Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Tenancy & Agriculture
Act, 1950, as amended in 1951, 1954, 1956, 1961, 1969 and 1979
prohibits tenancy except for certain category of land owners
• 2017-18 among more than one lakh survey numbers in Telangana,
applications for loan elgibility cards came from 39,886 survey
numbers and only 22,626 were given cards. 12,896 were rejected
and no decision has been taken on 66,124. very few of them got
institutional credit.

21. Crop All India Cost of production (Rs/ha) Telangana (Rs/ha) MSP+bonu
s 2017-18 A2+FL+50%
likely
change
A2 A2+FL C2 State
estimate
CACP
estimate
State
suggested
MSP
(RS/Q) (RS/Q) (RS/Q)
Paddy* 840 1117 1484 2158 1495 4136 1550 1675.5 125.5
Jowar** 1214 1556 2089 2559 2039 3839 1700 2334 634
Bajra 571 949 1278 2247 3370 1425 1423.5 -1.5
Maize 761 1044 1396 1949 1222 2924 1425 1566 141
Ragi 1384 1861 2351 2325 1999 3487 1900 2791.5 891.5
Arhar 2463 3318 4612 7123 5683 10684 5450 4977 -473
Moong 2809 4286 5700 6164 4822 9246 5575 6429 854
Urad 2393 3265 4517 5423 3277 8134 5400 4897.5 -502.5
Groundnut 2546 3159 4089 4971 3962 7456 4450 4738.5 288.5
Soybean 1787 2121 2921 3239 4120 4858 3050 3181.5 131.5
Sunflower 2933 3481 4526 5986 4806 8978 4100 5221.5 1121.5
Sesamum 2685 4067 5706 7080 7822 10620 5300 6100.5 800.5
Nigerseed 1788 3912 5108 4050 5868 1818
Cotton*** 2622 3276 4376 5337 4625 8005 4020 4914 894
Costs, Prices and Support 2017-18

23. Rs. 3200/quintal Rs. 60.50/kg

24. Making farming viable!
• Increasing access to productive resources: land, water and other
resources
• Strengthening existing support systems: extension, credit,
insurance, etc
• Reducing risk in farming: agroecological approaches, insurance etc
• Increase price realisation: FPOs, value addition, direct sales
• Increase income basket: supplementary and complementary
income sources

25. Agroecological Approaches
Water Harvesting
Cropping Systems
Soil n Moisture Management
Seed System
Non Pesticidal Management

26. Farmer Field Schools

27. Redesigning supply chains
• taking on more of the supplier activities (backward) and/or taking on more of the
distribution activities (forward) or both
• Correcting the knowledge/information asymetry
• Backward integration farmers/farmers group producing their own seeds, compost
etc
• Forward integration farmers/farmers group doing value addition to the produce
– Quantity (aggregation)
– Form (processing)
– Time (storage)
– Quality (product differentiation)
– Place (transport)

28. Kisan Business School
• Participative designing and
problem solving
• Learning-by–doing
• Arriving at Interactive and
inclusive solutions
• Season-long approach

29. FPOhub
Incubating Community Institutions and Enterprises
• Organising Federations of farmers groups
• Farmer Producer Organisations
– Farmer Cooperatives-16 in Andhra Pradesh, 4 in Telangana, 2 in
Sikkim
– Farmer Producer Companies: 7 in Telangana, 1 in Maharashtra, 2 in
Tripura
– In the process of formation: 225 in Telangana
– Hand holding support to 107 FPOs in Andhra Pradesh
• Organic Retail Marketing through Consumer Cooperative,
Hyderabad

30. Farmer Producer Organisations
Producer Co-op-1
Farmer Group B
Organic Stores
• Healthy food
• Affordable Price
• Max share to farmers Organic Store
Mobile Store
Direct to Home
Producer Co-op-2
Other farmers and
farmers groups
Farmer Group A
Farmer Group C
Sahaja Aharam
Producer Company
• Capacity building
• Institutional building
• Investment support
• Brand building
• Quality Management
• Fair Trade
Market place
Direct to resellers
Whole sale to
traders
Bulk buyers
Processing units
Seeds
Bioinputs
No. of Farmers: 5000
Organic: 2500 (1000 ICS certified, 1500 PGS certified)
Cooperatives 30

31. • Tungabhadra Coop
• Kadiri Coop
• Palabavi Coop
•Rayachoti coop
•Baghyalaxmi coop
• Punnami Coop
• Gayatri Coop
• Mydukuru Coop
• Harita Coop
• Brahmalingeswara Coop
• Giri Coop
• Naisargic Sheti Beej
Producer Company
• Enebavi Coop
• Adarsha Coop
• BROMACS
• Swayamkrishi PC
• Kisanmitra coop
• GreenDunia Kallem
Hub
Boddham
Hub
Naguladinne
Hub
Dorli
Hub

32. Vegetables: Aggregation and Segregation
Group January February March April May June July August September October November December
1 Palak
2 Potato/Beans
3
4 Cluster Bean Cluster Bean
5 Cabbage
6
7 Carrot
8
9
10
11
12
Bhendi Cow pea Capsicum
Methi Cluster Bean Onion Methi
Cluster Bean Palak Cauliflower
Palak Cowpea Cluster Bean Brinjal
Green Chillies Cucumber Carrot
Bhendi Tomato Cabbage Bhendi
Palak Tomato Cabbage
Tomato Bhendi Green pea Tomato
Onion Amaranthus Green Chillies Onion
Ridge Gourd Amaranthus Radish
Bendi Palak
Cluster Bean Ambadi Potato/Beans
Brinjal Cow pea
• Round the year supply
• Basket of vegetables minimum 1 ton/day
• Each farmer also has at least 4 vegetables at any point of time to distribute risk
• Organic/NPM Practices
• Better harvesting,
• Procurement, grading, handling

33. FoodProcessing

34. Abhihara
Organic Cotton value chain

35. Dorli, Wardha dist, Maharashtra
Mulugu, Siddipet dist, Telangana
Enebavi, Jangoan dist, Telangana
Varanasi, Utter Pradesh

36. Quality Management and traceability
Certificate no : Q9186414570
PGSI/W(TG)-1276

37. On wheels
exhibitions In stores
online

38. •Hyderabad
•Tarnaka
•Kharkana
•Kukatpally
•Gandhinagar
•Vishakapatnam
•MVP Colony
•Mumbai
• Home delivery
www.sahajaaharam.in

39. Creating Livelihoods
Sericulture
Backyard Poultry
Honey Production
• Developing Livelihoods Plan
• Building the capacities
• Green Enterprises for Bioinputs
• Providing linkages
For diversifying incomes and assets
Composting
Azolla
Sheep and Goat

40. farm support services
http://www.ekrishi.co.in
• CROPdiagnose
• FARMetrix
• FPOhub
• TraceBack
• MARKET
• HIRE
• FINANCE
• KisanMitra

41. KisanMitra
Vikarabad | Adilabad | Manchiryal
1800-120-3244
08500 98 3300
• Making public support
services accessible for
farmers
• Distress Helpline to resolve
grievances and rapid
response in case of
extremities
• Monitoring public support
services for farmers

42. Policy level changes
• Develop a Drought Management Policy
– Redefine drought declaration process, include groundwater levels as a criteria
– Establish institutional systems to Coordinate all agencies and organisations involved
– Pre-drought strategies
– Drought responses
– Drought indicators and triggers
• Land related policies
• Water related policies-groundwater and surface water
• Crop and livelihood planning
• Other policies:
– Feed, fodder and seed banks
– State Level Policy for Livestock.
– Inclusion of coarse cereals in PDS and procurement programme.
– Tenant farmers issue
– A unique 4-5 years rolling system of credit and repayment.
– Comprehensive Risk Management
– Support Farmer Producer Organisations

43. Economic policies with focus on income security to farmers
• Balancing act between
– Costs of cultivation
– Prices
– Costs of living
– Support/subsidies
• New ways of supporting in terms of
– Increasing access to productive resources
– Increasing institutional support: credit, insurance, extension
– Price compensations
– Farmers own resources and labour
– Ecosystem services
– Farmers institutions

44. http://bit.ly/mitti4india

45. Awards and Recognitions
• 2017: Sakshi Excellence Award for Best Contribution to Agriculture
• 2014: Best Rural Innovation Award for Non Pesticidal Management
in Bihar Rural Innovation Forum
• 2014: Best Rural Innovation Award for ‘Community Managed
Sustainable Agriculture’ in Maharashtra Rural Innovation Forum
• 2012: Best Green Enterprises award by Hivos for NPM scalingup in
AP
• 2010: Krishi Gourav Award for Enebavi
• 2008: TV9 ‘Navya’ Award for effective campaign
• 2005: World Bank Development Market Place Award

46. Name of the organization Centre for Sustainable Agriculture (CSA)
Year of registration and
legal status
CSA is registered as Trust in 2004 in
Hyderabad, India. 1605-1-15/BKIX/2004
PAN Card AAATC6399Q
FCRA Registration No. 010230731
NGO DARPAN AP/2016/0113512
Income Tax Exemption:
80G: DIT (E)/HYD/80G/14(05)/12-13 dated
02.11.2012
12A: DIT€/HYD/56(12)/12A/04-05 dated
11-01-2005
Address for
communication
#12-13-485/5, Nagarjuna Nagar,
Tarnaka, Secunderabad-500017
Phone; 08500783300, 08500983300
Contact Person
Dr. G.V. Ramanjaneyulu
Executive Director, Mobile:9000699702
Web & E-mail;
www.csa-india.org
E-mail: csa@csa-india.org
http://www.csa-india.org/donate

47. CENTRE FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
http://www.csa-india.org
http://www.krishi.tv
http://www.ekrishi.co.in
http://www.sahajaaharam.in
http://www.agrariancrisis.in
eKrishi : 08500 68 3300
Sahaja Aharam : 08500 78 33 00
Rytu Swarajya Vedhika: 08500 98 33 00
Ph. 040-2701 7735, mobile : 090 0069 9702
csa@csa-india.org, Facebook: ramoo.agripage