it contains devices used in networking, companies manufactures of networking devices, routing protocols, etc ..

1. CCNA

2. Device of CCNA
1) Switch –
 layer 2 switch is non manageable(plug -play)
 Layer 3 – switch is manageable we can create
VLAN .
 90 % hold of CISCO on manageable switch .

3. COMPANY OF DEVICES
1. D - LINK - router , switch, ADSL .
2. NET GEAR – router.
3. IP – LINK - router .
4. 3 COM – switch, router, access point .
5. DELL – switch .
6. IBM – software, hardware
7. JUNIPER – router, switch, software .
8. HUBJONE - hub .

4.  Router – it is work on LAN & WAN .
70 % hold of CISCO on wan .
 Other device
access point
WIFI router
IP phone
It is a 1 % hold in CISCO
 CISCO OS & IOS IS software IOS in 0,1 form
16 bit of operating system It is define by
WILLIAN YEAGER in 1998.

5. Field of CISCO
 CCNA – VOIP ,r/s ,wireless , security
 CCNP - r/s - routing , switching troubleshoot ,Security ,CCDP ,
CCVOIP, wireless
 VOIP –voice over internet protocol .
It is telephone connection on internet .
data is send in digital .
it is a for delivery of voice communication on internet .
 Wireless - it is a wire less connection without wire
 CCDP – CISCO certified design professional
 CCVOIP – call center voice internet protocol

6. Protocol
 Protocol is 16 bit
 Protocol are the way which used to perform the
communication ,
 They are responsible for end to end communication .
 They are called set of rules or instruction
 Protocol is small piece of software .
 Device used no. of protocols to perform the
communication .

7. Five category of protocol
 Communication protocol - it is used to communicate
end to end .
1. TCP/IP, UDP/IP, SPX , IPX
2. open standard private
3. route able non-route able
4. LANN,WAN only LAN
 ROUTING PROTOCOL – it is used to define path to
reaches the destination .
RIP EIGRP IGRP OSPF ISIS
 ROUTED PROTOCOL – it is used to define source &
destination .
IP IPX
 TRANNSPORT PROTOCOL – it is used to carry the
routed protocol information .

8.  Application protocol – it is used to increase reliably
performance & security .
 HTTP ,POP ,TELNET, TFTP, FTP, DNS, DHCP,
SMTP, SSH , IMAP
 HTTP – hyper text transfer protocol. It is a use
access web page . Port no.80
 POP – post office protocol . It is keep the track of
mails on outlook only . Not on gmail . Port no. 110
 TELNET - it is used to access to remote computer
.port no. 23

9.  FTP – file transmit protocol .
it is used to transmit file on TCP/IP .
When FTP client is request to FTP server then
establish TCP connection server port no. 21 .
 TFTP – trivial file transport protocol . It is a
transfer small amounts data .
port no.69 .
 DNS – domain name system . It is provide
domain name to IP . port no. 53 .

10.  DHCP – dynamic host configuration protocol .
it is provide automatically IP to host .
UDP Port no. 67 of server & UDP port no. 68 of
client .
 DHCP is work with DORA process
D - discovery
O – offer
R - request
A – acknowledge
 IMAP – internet message access protocol . It is
used to keep track of mails on both gmail & outlook
. Port no. 143 .

11.  SMTP – send mail transport protocol . It is used to
send mail to remote computer . Port no. 25
 SSH – secure shell . It is used to access to
remote computer with strong authentication &
secure data communication b/w two computer
over an secure network . Port no. 22 .

12. Communication protocol
 TCP - transmission control protocol .
 It is connection oriented .
 Reliable & manage control flow .
 Data travel in sequence .
 port no. 6
 In which data retransmit
 In which protocol FTP, TELNT,
 SMTP, DNS, HTTP, POP,
 for example gmail .
UDP – user datagram protocol .
It is a connectionless .
data travel not in sequence .
Port no. 17
In which data not retransmit .
In which protocol DNS, BOOTP,
DHCP, TFTP,
SNMP, RIP, early version .
For example – television .

13.  SPX – it is sequence packet exchange
 SPX is protocol for handling packet sequencing
in a novel net ware network .
 It is send packet with IPX.
 IPX – internet protocol exchange .
 It is a internet protocol from novel .
 It is used to interconnect to internet for exchange
packet .

14. CCNA ROUTING
PROTOCOL

15. o when we want to connect two or more network using different
network address then we have to use IP routing technique .
o Router will be used to perform routing b/w different network .
routing

16. routing
static dynamic
default
Different method
of routing

17. Routing update – manual
infrastructure – small network
Flexible - no
Administrative over hand - high
Control - more
Dynamic routing
Routing update – automatic
infrastructure - large network
Flexible - yes
Administrative over hand - low
Control - less
Static routing

18.  It is a define the packet forwarding rule to use when no
specific route can be determined. For a given internet
protocol.
 It is used when we are not use protocol .then use default
routing
Default routing

19. Link state
protocol
Distance vector
protocol
Routing
hybrid
protocol
Types of routing protocol

20.  Distance vector – it is distance vector routing protocol .
 It is find the best path to remote network by judging a distance .
 Vector indicate direction to the remote network .
 They send the entire routing table to directly connected neighbors.
 The route with the least no. of hops to network is determine to be the best route .
 Hop account is 15 .
 Ad – administrative distance . Lowest ad is used for select the best path when
two or more different route to the same distance from different protocol .
 For example – RIP ,IGRP

21.  Routing information protocol is a distance routing protocol .
 Rip takes the metric .
 RIP send out the full routing table every periodic update .
 In IP v6 RIP is called as RIPING .
 RIP router transmitted full updates every 30 sec.
 Rip used UDP port no.520
 Update 30 sec
 Invalid 180 sec , 180-30 = 150
Rip routing protocol

22. It Class full routing - It classless routing
It not support VLSM - It support VLSM
It support contiguous - It not support contiguous
That do not send subnet - That send subnet mask
mask information . information in the
in the routing update - routing update
All device in the must use - It not use same subnet
same subnet mask mask
RIP V1 VS RIP V2

23.  It known as shortest path .
 It is OSPF and open standard
 Route create three table
 Neighbor table – keep track of directly attached neighbors
 Topology table – in which each information about best path of entire
network
 Routing table - it track of best path of route of source to destination
 It is a multicast update.
 224.0.0.5 - BDR
 224.0.0.6 - DR
Link state protocol

24.  Metric bandwidth
 Unlimited hop count
 Equal path cost load balancing – 4 path
 Support authentication
 Process id 65535
 IP protocol
 Port no. 89
 Ad no.110
 Type of router –
 Backbone router – when router in area 0
 ABR ROUTER - area border router . When it b/w area 1 and area
2 .
 ASBR ROUTER - autonomous system border router . When
connected two different protocol . OSPF and RIP .

25.  Router id - it is
manually specified .
 When not manually specified , than the highest IP address
configure on any loopback interface on router will become
the router id .
 If not loopback interface exit . Then highest IP configure on
any physical interface will become the router id .
 DR AND BDR
 DR - it designated router . Selected one main router for
control to full area .
 BDR – backup designated router . Selected other main
router . when down link of DR .

26.  First the look at router priority .
 By default router priority is one .
 We can change it If we need .
 If router priority is same .
 OSPF will look at highest router id for DR and BDR election .
 if we set router is 0 , that router will not participate in
DR/BDR election .
DR and BDR election

27.  EIGRP –enhanced interior routing protocol .
 It is combination of distance vector & link state protocol .
 Ad no. 90. port no. 88
 EIGRP metric – bandwidth , delay , load , reliability to determine the best path but by
default metric bandwidth & delay .
 classless routing protocol .
 Support VLSM & subnetting .
 Multicast 224.0.0.10
 Manual route summarization 5
 Hop count by default is 100
Hybrid protocol

28. Neighbor discovery –
 it is used for to know the presence of the neighboring router .
 Hello messages – send hello messages to connected router after 5 sec. with
IP 224.0.0.10 .
 when receive the messages check Parameter
1. pass the authentication process
2 Same autonomous system no.
3 Potential neighbor – must be in the same subnet mask.
4 EIGRP k value – must
match .

29. • Neighbor table- keep
information of neighbor
table
• Topology table - keep
information of best path
Of neighbor table
• Routing table – keep
information of best path
Of source to destination
Table of EIGRP protocol

30.  Send update messages
 Full update - EIGRP once time send messages full update
 Partial update – when in feature down link or add new subnet then
send partial update .
 Than EIGRP use multicast address for multiple router .
 EIGRP use UNICAST address for one router .
 Than for this work ,EIGRP have itself protocol RTP
 For when receiver not receive packet than again send 16 packet .
Topology exchange

31.  Simplicity – EIGRP do the work with simplicity
 Backup route – EIGRP is keep best path as well as backup
path .
 Fast convergence – when fail the router or network then
EIGRP is find out another path .
 Summarization – you can summarization on any router .
 Load balancing & unequal cost
 Support multiple protocol – routed protocol . IP , apple talk
FEATURE

32.  EIGRP use DUAL for selecting and maintaining the best
path to reach the remote network or destination .
 This algorithm allow for the follow .
 Support of VLSM .
 Back up route recoveries .
 Queries for an alternate route if no route can be found .
Diffusing update algorithm

33.  Summarization – it is help in reducing the size of the
router table .it is MD 5 .
 ACTIVE – when successors is not present or find out
feasible successors .
 PASSIVE – when successors or feasible successor is
present .
 Successors – it is main router . Which connect to
neighbor router .
 Feasible successor - it is a neighbor router . Which
connect to main router .

34. 1) HELLO – EIGRP use hello packets sent to neighbor router
.
 EIGRP route send to the multicast IP address 224.0.0.10 .
2) update packet – it is used when a router discover a new
neighbor , otherwise when topology change occur using
partial update .
 An EIGRP router send unicast update packet to that new
neighbor .
3) Acknowledgment packet - an EIGRP router use
acknowledgment packet to indicate provide
acknowledgment of discover message
Packet of EIGRP

35.  4) query packet – an EIGRP router use query packet whenever
it need specific information from one or all of its neighbors .
 5) reply packet – it is used to respond to a query . If an EIGRP
router lose its successor and cannot find a feasible successor
for a route .
 Autonomous system – it is a collection of network under a
common administrative domain , which basically mean
that all router sharing the same routing table information
are in the same Ad.
 As no.- 1 to 65535 total . 64152 to 64535
 1 to 64151 public . private