This document provides a table of contents and overview of various Spanish grammar topics including: nationalities, stem changers, indirect object pronouns, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, affirmative tu commands, irregular verbs, negative tu commands, reflexives, and sequencing events. It discusses rules, examples, and exceptions for each topic in 1-3 sentences per section.
4. • No stem changing in the nosotros or vosotros!
• Different kinds of stem changers:
• O>ue
• U>ue
• E>I
• E>ie
• Examples:
• O>ue/D(o)rmir> D(ue)rmo
• E>ie/P(e)nsar> p(ie)nsas
• E>i/P(e)dir> P(i)do
• U>ue/ J(u)gar> J(ue)go
Stem Changers
5. • Para-for
• I ate meat for dinner
• Yo como carne para cena
Para
6. Indirect Object Pronouns
0 Placement:
0 Before a conjugated verb
0 Attach to an infinitive
0 Attach to a gerund/’ing’
0 Example: le, te, me, nos, les.
0 Whoever is reveiving the action is how you conjugate it.
0 Example: Pedro gives a ring to me; Pedre me da el arreta
a mi.
7. Pronoun Placement
0 When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb,
the pronoun comes before the verb
0 Rosa le compra una olla a su madro
0 But when the pronoun accompanies a sentence with
an infinitive, it can either go before the verb or
attached to the end of the infinitive
0 Rosa quiere comprarle una olla a su madre.
8. Gustar
Not a stem changer
Indirect object pronoun is always with it
Usually preceeds the verb
Whatever is being “gusta’d” is how you write the ending
• For example:
• Me gustas tu.
• Le gusta el pan
• Le gusto me.
In some cases:
• ‘no’ goes before the I.O.P. and the verb
10. Los Superlativos
Equivalent to ‘very’ or ‘extremely’
Suffix:
Isimo, isimos, isima, isimas
Malo>malisimo
Muchas>muchisimas
Dificil>dificilismo
Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z change spelkling to
qu, gu, and c respectively
Rico>riquisimo
Larga>larguisima
Feliz>felicisimo
Adjectives that end in ‘n’ ot ‘r’ form by adding ‘cisimo/a
Joven>jovencisimo
Trabajdor>trabajadorcisimo
11. Affirmative tu
commands/irregulars/pronoun
placement
Drop the ‘s’
Example:
Hablo>habla.
You can attach the pronoun to the command.
Example:
Play the guitar: tocala (since guitar is guitara, you add the ‘la’ to the end of the command.)
Sing the song/to me: cantala/cantamela(the pronoun goes before the en==ending of whatever
you are talking about.)
Irregulars:
Dar/decir : no des/digas
ir: no vayas
Ser: no seas
Hacer: no hagas
Estar: no estes
Saber: no sepas
Tener: no tengas
Venir: no vengas
12. Negative tu commands
Put in the yo form
Change to opposite vowel (ar>er/ir, er/ir>ar)
Add ‘s’
Example:
Habla
Hables (you change it to the yo form, and since it is an ar verb
you change it to e, and then add an ‘s’)
13. Reflexives
What you are doing to yourself…it reflects back onto you.
I wash my teeth-I am washing myself so it’s reflexive
because I am doing it to myself.
Me, te, le, nos, os, se.
Me duermo
Se duermen
Nos dormimos
Os dormimis
Le duerme
te duermes
14. Sequencing events
Primer-first
Entonces- then
Despues- after
Luego- later
Por fin- finally
Por la manana/tarde/noche- in the…/during the…