This is a brief introduction on the linux operating system

1. Introduction to
Linux
By: Ravi Prakash Giri
CSE 2nd Year
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University,Jammu

2. What we will cover ?
 Introduction
 What is Linux?
 Linux Distribution
 Linux vs. Windows
 Process of Installing
Linux
 Basic Commands
 Working example
 Summary

3. What is Linux ?
 UNIX-like operating system
 Comprised
 System utilities
 Libraries
 From GNU Project
 Sometimes called GNU Linux
 Supported by: IBM, Sun, Novell, Microsoft,…

4. LINUX History
 The UNIX operating system was born in the late 1960s. It
originally began as a one man project led by Ken Thompson of
Bell Labs, and has since grown to become the most widely used
operating system.
 In the time since UNIX was first developed, it has gone through
many different generations and even mutations.
 Some differ substantially from the original version, like Berkeley Software
Distribution (BSD) or Linux.
 Others, still contain major portions that are based on the original source
code.
 An interesting and rather up-to-date timeline of these variations
of UNIX can be found at
http://www.levenez.com/unix/history.html.

5. Before Linux
 In 80’s, Microsoft’s DOS was the dominated OS
for PC
 Apple MAC was better, but expensive
 UNIX was much better, but much, much more
expensive. Only for minicomputer for commercial
applications
 People was looking for a UNIX based system,
which is cheaper and can run on PC
 Both DOS, MAC and UNIX were proprietary, i.e.,
the source code of their kernel is protected
 No modification is possible without paying high
license fees

6. Beginning of Linux
 A famous professor Andrew Tanenbaum
developed Minix, a simplified version of UNIX
that runs on PC
 Minix is for class teaching only. No intention
for commercial use
 In Sept 1991, Linus Torvalds, a second year
student of Computer Science at the University
of Helsinki, developed the preliminary kernel of
Linux, known as Linux version 0.0.1

7. Linux distribution
Red Hat Linux : One of the original Linux distribution.
The commercial, nonfree version is Red Hat Enterprise Linux, which is aimed at big
companies using Linux servers and desktops in a big way.
Free version: Fedora Project.
Debian GNU/Linux : A free software distribution. Popular for use on servers.
However, Debian is not what many would consider a distribution for beginners,
as it's not designed with ease of use in mind.
SuSE Linux : SuSE was recently purchased by Novell. This distribution is primarily
available for pay because it contains many commercial programs, although there's
a stripped-down free version that you can download.
Mandrake Linux : Mandrake is perhaps strongest on the desktop. Originally based
off of Red Hat Linux.
Gentoo Linux : Gentoo is a specialty distribution meant for programmers.

8. Linux vs. Windows
Linux Windows
 Linux has different  Windows has different
versions, depending on which versions. It started with Win3.x,
vendor develops and runs it. Win9x, WinME, WinNT,
Linux vendors include: Win2000, WinXP. It is a
Linspire, Red Hat, SuSE, proprietary software produced
Ubuntu, Mandriva, Knoppix, by Microsoft.
Slackware, Caldera, Debian

9. Linux vs. Windows
Linux Windows
Cost Cost
 Linux is cheap or free to  Windows is expensive to run.
run. It can be downloaded The price to purchase a full
from various Linux vendors. version of Windows XP
Professional is about USD400.
Linux may run off a server Only one copy of Windows
so numerous computers may may be used on a computer.
have access to the program. Activation with Microsoft is
needed.

10. Linux vs. Windows
Linux Windows
Cost Cost
 Linux is an open source  Windows is a proprietary
software. Source codes are closed source software. Codes
freely distributed to the public, are not released to the public.
of which programmers had
reviewed to improve
performance, eliminate bugs
and strengthen security.

11. Linux vs. Windows
Linux Windows
OS Stability OS Stability
 When properly  It is known to crash easily,
configured, Linux will run and be infected by bugs and
until the hardware fails or if viruses.
the system is shut down.
 Linux claims that it may
continuously run up to more
than a year without freezing
or shutting down.
It is not as prone to bugs
and viruses as most are

12. Methods of Installation
 Traditional booting from DVD/CD
 Using third party software
i.e. making bootable USB
drive

13. For making your USB
bootable,refer to the article at
http://www.resolutiondesproblem
es.blogspot.com

14. Partition Fields
Device: This field displays the partition's device name.
Start: This field shows the sector on your hard drive where
the partition begins.
End: This field shows the sector on your hard drive where
the partition ends.
Size: This field shows the partition's size (in MB).
Type: This field shows the partition's type (for example,
ext2, ext3, or vfat).
Mount Point: A mount point is the location within the
directory hierarchy at which a volume exists; the volume is
"mounted" at this location. This field indicates where the
partition will be mounted.

15. Linux Installation
Filesystem Types
ext2 — An ext2 filesystem supports standard Unix file types
(regular files, directories, symbolic links, etc). It provides the
ability to assign long file names, up to 255 characters. Versions
prior to Red Hat Linux 7.2 used ext2 filesystems by default.
ext3 — The ext3 filesystem is based on the ext2 filesystem and
has one main advantage — journaling. Using a journaling
filesystem reduces time spent recovering a filesystem after a
crash as there is no need to fsck the filesystem.
swap — Swap partitions are used to support virtual memory.
In other words, data is written to a swap partition when there is
not enough RAM to store the data your system is processing.
vfat — The VFAT filesystem is a Linux filesystem that is
compatible with Windows 95/NT long filenames on the FAT
filesystem.

16. Linux Installation
Recommended Partitioning Scheme
Unless you have a reason for doing otherwise, it is
recommended that you create the following partitions:
/boot partition – contains kernel images and grub
configuration and commands
/ partition
/home partition
Any other partition based on application (e.g /usr/local for
squid)
swap partition — swap partitions are used to support virtual
memory. In other words, data is written to a swap partition
when there is not enough RAM to store the data your system is
processing. The size of your swap partition should be equal to
twice your computer's RAM.

17. MANDRIVA INSTALLATION

18. Universal USB Installer
 This tool is widely used to make USB bootable
for various operating systems or applications.
 Once you made your USB bootable,you are
ready to use it for installing Linux.

36. Basic Linux
Commands

37. Some of the basic commands you should learn are
Commands:
the ones that help you navigate the file system.
/ (root directory)
/root – home directory of the user root
pwd – you can see your home directory
df – to see disk space available
cd – to change to different directory or to go back to home dir
.. - move to parent directory
ls – list the contents of a directory; Options: -l (more info)
-a (displays hidden files)
-t (sort by time)
-r (oldest first)
Example: ls –ltr : display an long list of files that are sorted by time, display the oldest
ones first

38. cp : copy one file to another
rm : remove a file
man : ask for the manual (or help) of a command
e.g. man cd ask for the manual of the command cd
cat : to show the content of a text file
e.g. cat abc.txt show the content of abc.txt
whoami : to show the username of the current user
Directory is denoted by a / (slash) character
Executable program by a *
Hidden file preceded by a . (dot)

39. Working Example
Phishing Social Networking
Sites

40. Phishing Using Linux
BACKTRACK 5 R 2

41. End of Presentation
Thankyou!