Explosive products Presentation

5. Any chemical mixtures, compound or device that
reacts at high velocities to liberate gas or heat
causing high pressure and which can be initiated by
a No.8 test blasting cap.

6. • Explosives started 6oo-700 years ago.
• Roger bacon(1214-1292) first described preparation
of black powder
• Potassium nitrate(75%) and carbon(15%) and
sulfur(10%)

7. HISTORY OF EXPLOSIVES
 Guns were first used in Battle of Crecy in 1364.
 In these guns black powder was used as a gun
propellant.

8. HISTORY OF EXPLOSIVES
 The time interval between ignition and blast was a
problem.
 Safer method of ignition was invented by William
Bickford of England.
 He invented safety fuse.
 In safety fuse thin core of black powder is contained in
a cable of jute and string.

9. SAFETY FUSE

10. HISTORY OF EXPLOSIVES
 The foundation of modern explosive industry was
laid in beginning of 19th century.
 Three men were prominent
1. Edward Howard described preparation of
mercury fulminate (primary explosive)
Hg(CNO)2
2. Schonbein a German engineer produced gun
cotton.
3. Ascanio discovered Nitroglycerin.

11. HISTORY OF EXPLOSIVES
 In 1862 Glycerine was transported by Alfred Nobel in
containers with trade name Golonion Oil.
 At this time NG was poured from container to hole.
 This crude method resulted in accidents and loss of
life.

12. HISTORY OF EXPLOSIVES
 Kieselguhr is a form of silica compound of the
siliceous shells of unicellular aquatic plants of
microscopic size.it is porous kind of siliceous
sedimentary rock.
 It was used in packing of containers of nitroglycerine
as a cushion.
 A container ruptured and NG was absorbed by
keiselguhr.
 Alfred nobel noticed it and found that it was more safe
to handle and transport.
 He called this mix as dynamite

13. HISTORY OF EXPLOSIVES
 In 1950 ammonium nitrate was used as blasting
agent.
 In 1960 Watergels were developed
 In 1968 Emulsions were introduced

14. MAJOR INGREDIENTS IN EXPLOSIVE
 The principal reacting ingredients in an explosive are:
 Fuel
 Oxidizers
 Fuels are carbon aluminum, TNT, smokeless powder.
 Oxidizers are hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon and oxygen.

15. TYPES OF EXPLOSIVE AND BLASTING
AGENTS
Nitroglycerine based explosives (Dynamites)
Powder Explosives (ANFO)
Water gels (Slurries)
Emulsion Explosives

16. DYNAMITE
 NG are semi pure liquid which is composed of two
organic nitrate esters (Nitroglycerine+Nitroglycol)
 This mixture of NG and Kieselguhr when packed in
paper cartridge is called Dynamite.
 This product was first introduced by Alfred Nobel.
 The NG content of dynamite varies from 5% to 90% of
the composition depends upon the VOD, the energy
released and the water resistance requirements .

17.  Nitrocellulose serves as a gelling agent to liquid Easter
to the other ingredients and prevent leaking of
explosive oil.
 To balancing the oxidizing salt and fuel by using
oxidizer(Ammonium nitrate).
 Sodium chloride is added to lower the detonation
temperature.
 To density the NG different ingredients are used such
as starch, sulfur and vegetable gums.

19. CATEGORIES OF DYNAMITES
 Straight Dynamite
 Ammonia Dynamite
 Gelatin Dynamite
 Straight Gelatin Dynamite
 Ammonia Gelatin Dynamite
 Semi Gelatin Dynamite
 Permissible Dynamite
 Special Dynamite

20. STRAIGHT DYNAMITE
 It was formulated by Nobel in 1984.
 It contain kieselguhr and liquid NG(75%).
 Sodium nitrate is added to increase the performance
and make the reaction oxygen balance.
 It is used as ditch blasting in wet soils.

21. •In Ammonia dynamite ammonium nitrate was
mixed with charcoal and NG.
•Ammonium Nitrate replaces Kiselguhr and adds
energy, reduces cost, less water resistant.
•It has lower density and higher shock resistance.
•Medium to low VOD.
•Poor to fair water resistance.

22. •Prepared in 1862 by Alfred Nobel.
•Nitrocellulose with lower nitrogen content is
added.
•It acts as an absorbent to retain NG in water.
•It is used in wet blasting operation.
•Gelaprime is its example
•.

23. •It contains a high ratio of nitrocellulose to NG.
•It contains 91 % NG 8% guncotton and 1 % chalk.
•It was called 100% blasting gelatin.
•It has excellent water resistance.
•Sodium nitrate were added to obtain a oxygen
balance.

24. •In this NG is substituted by NH4NO3.
•It high density and velocity.
•Its detonation pressure is high.
•It acts as an excellent booster because of high
energy output.
•It is used for shooting tough rock .

25. •It is cross between ammonia dynamite and
ammonia gelatin.
•It is less expansive than gelatin dynamite.
•It has good water resistance as compare to gelatin
dynamite.
•Geldyne is its example.

26. • It is formed By adding salt and other flame
reducers in ammonia dynamite.
•It is developed for underground blasting
especially for coal mines.

27. •By definition ANFO is a nitrocarbonitrate blasting
agent.
•It is a mixture of ammonium nitrate prills (94%)
and fuel oil (6%).
•The bulk density of ANFO is between 42-50 lbs per
cubic feet.
•The particle size of prills is -6 to +20 mesh.

28. •To initiate ANFO required initiation system and booster.
•Its dead press limit is 1.25cc.
•It has high resistance to water
•It has moderate VOD
•It has large heave and easy to handle and load
•Its cost around $570/ton (1999)

29. SLURRIES
 It is an aqueous solution of NH4NO3
and NaNO3, sensitized with a fuel
 It is thickened and cross linked by
gelatinous material
 Contains more amount of NH4NO3
than watergels
 Water resistance is increased by using
gums, waxes and other materials
 Slurries has cost more than ANFO

30. WATERGELS
 Watergels contains oxidizing salts, fuels and
sensitizers dissolved to form a continuous liquid phase
 These are alternatives to dynamites
 Thickened and to increase water resistance by
gelatinous materials
 Less sensitive more economical and more efficient
than dynamite

31.  Less toxic and less hazardous than dynamite
 Easy to transport and store
 Use in mining industry

32. EMULSIONS
 An explosive containing oxidizer dissolved in water
droplets surrounded by an immiscible fuels
 Introduced as blasting agent in 1968
 It is prepared in the form of water in oil emulsions
 It is stabilized by adding emulsifying agents
 More efficient, powerful, and stable than watergels
 Less sensitive than dynamites to heat, shock, friction

33.  Emulsion have very high V.O.D upto 6000
m/sec
 High detonation pressure
 Less chemical energy per unit weight
compared to ANFO

34.  Emulsions are packaged in either paper shells or
plastic film cartridges

35. PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVE
 Explosives which are designed for mines explosion for
a particular purpose
 Use in gassy and dusty atmosphere
 Approved by Mine Safety and Health Administration
 Developed for underground coal mines
 Sodium chloride is used as an additive to decrease the
flame
 Should be used soon when taken underground

36. PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES