Linked Data John Sheridan, National Archives UK REEEP Open Data Workshop, Abu Dhabi, UAE 18 Jan 2011

1. Linked Data
John Sheridan
@johnlsheridan
18 January 2012

2. “We shape our tools and
they in turn shape us”
Marshall McLuhan
2

3. The Wealth of Networks
“Different technologies make different kinds of human action and
interaction easier or harder to perform. All other things being equal,
things that are easier to do are more likely to be done and things that
are harder to do are less likely to be done.
All other things are *never* equal.
That is why technological determinism in the strict sense–if you have
technology “t” you should expect social structure or relation “s” to
emerge–is false…Neither deterministic nor wholly malleable, technology
sets some parameters of individual and social action. It can make some
actions, relationships, organizations and institutions easier to pursue,
and others harder…
The same technologies of networked computers can be adopted in very
different patterns. There is no guarantee that networked information
technology will lead to the improvements in innovation, freedom and
justice that I suggest are possible…The way we develop will, in
significant measure, depend on choices we make in the next decade or
so.”
– Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks

4. Information economics and data
• Better informed markets operate more efficiently
• Governments are making more data available on the web
• We are at the beginning of an age of data abundance
• Large scale data aggregation is now possible
4

5. Interoperability with the world?
• [DN: insert picture of globe]
5

6. UK POLICY CONTEXT
6

7. Transparency and data.gov.uk
7

8. Commitments
8

9. Which says…
16. GOVERNMENT TRANSPARENCY
The Government believes that we need to throw open the doors of
public bodies, to enable the public to hold politicians and public
bodies to account. We also recognise that this will help to deliver
better value for money in public spending, and help us achieve our
aim of cutting the record deficit. Setting government data free will
bring significant economic benefits by enabling businesses and non-
profit organisations to build innovative applications and websites.
We will ensure that all data published by public bodies is published in
an open and standardised format, so that it can be used easily and
with minimal cost by third parties.
9

10. Open Data Policy in the UK
• Open by default
• Open Government Licence
• Seeking to address substantial policy issues through the
use of open data
• Health and Transport data are at the forefront of this drive
• Consultation in Autumn 2011, White Paper early this year
10

11. CHOICES
11

12. Choosing formats for data
Formats for people Formats for machines
 Focused on presentation or  Focused on data interchange
typographic layout between computers
 Look good, but hard to  Look dreadful, hard for people
access the underlying data to understand but easy to
import into other systems and
use
12

13. A false dichotomy
Formats for Single Formats for
people source of machines
 Focused on  Focused on data
presentation or data interchange
typographic layout between computers
13

14. Download or programmatic access?
• Download
o Good for static information
o Small files
o Used for export/import
o Easy for publishers
o Most of the data registered on data.gov.uk
• Programmatic access
o Good for dynamic or real-time information or very large datasets
o Lets developers select and use just the information they need
o Retains more control for the publisher
o More complicated to implement but much more powerful
o Vital for many useful datasets
14

15. STANDARDS
15

16. Henry Maudslay (1771–1831)
He also developed the first industrially
practical screw-cutting lathe in 1800,
allowing standardisation of screw thread
sizes for the first time. This allowed the
concept of interchangeability (a idea that
was already taking hold) to be practically
applied to nuts and bolts. Before this, all
nuts and bolts had to be made as matching
pairs only. This meant that when machines
were disassembled, careful account had to
be kept of the matching nuts and bolts
ready for when reassembly took place.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Maudslay

17. Joseph Whitworth (1804-1887)
In 1841, Joseph Whitworth created a
design that, through its adoption by many
British railroad companies, became a
national standard for the United Kingdom
called British Standard Whitworth. During
the 1840s through 1860s, this standard
was often used in the United States and
Canada as well, in addition to myriad
intra- and inter-company standards. .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread
#History_of_standardization

18. Tim Berners-Lee five stars
* make your stuff available on the Web
(whatever format) under an open licence
** make it available as structured data (e.g.,
Excel instead of image scan of a table)
*** use non-proprietary formats (e.g., CSV
instead of Excel)
**** use URIs to identify things, so that people
can point at your stuff
***** link your data to other data to provide
context
18

19. LINKED DATA
19

20. Linked Data
• Give names, or web identifiers (URIs), to things
• Publish information about them as Web Resources
• Use RDF triples (subject, property, value)
• Link to other data about those things
20

21. Benefits
• Enables web-scale data publishing - distributed
publication with web-based discovery mechanisms
• Everything is a resource – follow your nose to
discover more about properties, classes, or codes
within a code list
• Everything can be annotated - make comments
about observations, data series, points on a map
• Easy to extend - create new properties as required,
no need to plan everything up-front
• Easy to merge - slot together RDF graphs, no need
to worry about name clashes
21

22. You can do more with Linked Data

23. UK Government has been:
• developing standards for responsible publishing of key
types of data (financial data, organisation data, aggregate
statistics, location data)
• developing guidance, practices and tools that make it
easy to publish data in Linked Data form, at low cost
• making it easy for people to consume data in a
programmatic way

24. Types of data:
2008 2009 2010
Director
General A 1,345 1,456 2,301
B 2,112 3,543 2,111
C 2,345 2,987 2,455
Director Director
(Operations) (Strategy) D 6,342 6,256 6,123
E 7,435 7,432 8,102
Deputy Director Deputy Director
(A) Transaction
(A) Date Supplier Amount
A-1263 09/09/2010 Spottiswoode & Co £ 2,345
A-1264 09/09/2010 JSB & Sons £ 2,111
A-1265 09/09/2010 BLG Ltd £ 2,455
A-1266 09/09/2010 Spottiswoode & Co £ 6,123
A-1267 09/09/2010 BLG Ltd £ 8,102

25. Naming things with URIs
• URI = uniform resource identifier
• Everything starts HTTP – which gives us actionable names
• There is choice about how to make URIs
• We are using
{sector}.data.gov.uk/id/{something}
25

26. Location URIs for INSPIRE

27. Naming things in legislation

28. Naming things in legislation
• If you visit legislation.gov.uk you will see we have taken
great care with naming things
Returns an html document for United Kingdom Public General Act (ukpga),
2005, Chapter 14, Section 1
Returns an html document with a list from all legislation types where the
title contains “wildlife”

29. Some names are quite sophisticated…
• UK Public General Act (ukpga)
• 1981
• Chapter 69
• Section 5
• As it extends to England
• As it stood on 30th January 2001
• Displayed as an HTML document with the timeline on
• Although URIs are opaque having this type of design
changes how people use the service
29

30. Legislation as Open Data
• Everything on legislation.gov.uk is available as open data
under the terms of our Open Government Licence
• To access the data, visit any page and add:
o /data.xml
o /data.rdf
o /data.xht
• For lists
o /data.feed
30

31. Linked Data Standards
• Re-use where we can, create where we must
• Small, high level, light weight vocabularies
o Examples include datacube, organization, provenance
• Create local specialisations
o Examples include payments, central-government
• Post hoc linking
31

32. Data cube vocabulary
qb:componentRequired : boolean
qb:DataStructureDefinition qb:ComponentSpecification qb:componentAttachment : rdfs:Class
qb:order : xsd:int
qb:sliceKey qb:componentProperty
qb:dimension
qb:structure qb:attribute
qb:componentProperty qb:measure
qb:DataSet qb:SliceKey
qb:slice
qb:sliceStructure
qb:ComponentProperty
qb:dataset
qb:concept qb:DimensionProperty
qb:Slice
qb:measureType
qb:subSlice
skos:Concept
qb:AttributeProperty
qb:observation
qb:Observation sdmx:Concept qb:MeasureProperty
qb:CodedProperty
sdmx:ConceptRole
qb:codeList
sdmx:FrequencyRole skos:ConceptScheme
sdmx:CountRole
sdmx:EntityRole
sdmx:TimeRole sdmx:CodeList
...

33. Payments (a cube specialisation)
qb:structure
payer
foaf:Agent
qb:dataset PaymentDataset
payee
foaf:Agent
qb:slice
unit
org:OrganizationalUnit
date
payment interval:Interval
Payment
expenditureLine purchase
order Purchase
ExpenditureLine
invoice
narrative
amountIncludingVAT
contract
amountExcludingVAT
procurementCategory
transactionReference
expenditureCode vatCategory
vatRate paymentReference skos:Concept
totalAmountIncludingVAT
skos:Concept
item totalAmountExcludingVAT
redacted
revenue Item
capital
skos:Concept
ItemCategory
33

34. DATA
34

35. Reference data
http://reference.data.gov.uk/id/day/2012-01-18
http://reference.data.gov.uk/id/department/CO
http://transport.data.gov.uk/id/station/WAT
http://education.data.gov.uk/id/school/341451
http://location.data.gov.uk/id/3245677362123
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/ukpga/2009/12/section/2

36. British time intervals
• http://reference.data.gov.uk/id/day/2011-06-1
• There are similar URIs for seconds, minutes, hours,
weeks, months, quarters, years
• We were a bit slow (170 years) to move from the Julian
to Gregorian Calendar (see the Calendar Act, 1750)
• To transition, we lost 11 days in 1752
• Convoluted explanation of why the tax year in the UK
starts on the 6th April
• Our URIs for time intervals work this way too and the
British time intervals URI Set is linked to the
legislation

37. PRODUCTION
37

38. Chop-O-Matic
• Malcolm Gladwell article on Ron Popeil from 2000 in the
New Yorker:
• ”And how do you persuade people to disrupt their lives? Not
merely by ingratiation or sincerity, and not by being famous
or beautiful. You have to explain the invention to consumers
- not once or twice but three or four times, with a different
twist each time. You have to show them exactly how it
works and why it works, and make them follow your hands
as you chop liver with it, and then tell them precisely how it
fits into their routine, and, finally, sell them on the
paradoxical fact that, revolutionary as the gadget is, it's not
at all hard to use.”

39. Google Refine (formerly Gridworks)
39

40. Use Refine to map and export Linked Data
40

41. PUBLISHING
41

42. 42

43. Linked Data API
• Open Standard
• Generic approach for creating APIs from Linked Data
• Sits on top of a Linked Data store
• Several implementations, most mature is Puelia
43

44. 44

45. 45

46. CASE STUDIES
46

47. Back to those commitments
47

48. Publishing Organisation Data
• We will require public bodies to publish online the job titles
of every member of staff and the salaries and expenses of
senior officials paid more than the lowest salary permissible
in Pay Band 1 of the Senior Civil Service pay scale, and
organograms that include all positions in those bodies.

49. Our first go…
• October 2010
• CSV template and PDFs of organograms, typically authored
using Powerpoint
• Emphasis on visual appearance, led to inconsistent
datasets which are very hard to re-use
• No relationship between the organogram and data
• Not using web standards
49

50. Press Release
“The Government has published
the most comprehensive
organisational charts of the UK
Civil Service ever released online,
taking another step towards its
goal of being the most transparent
government in the world and
opening up the structure of the
Civil Service to public scrutiny”

51. It’s *all* Linked Data
• 100s of UK Government Organisations published their
organisation data as Linked Data
• Distributed data publishing
• The data is deeply linked (Departments, Grades ,
Professions, date of the snapshot)
• Cross dataset queries are perhaps the most interesting
• Proves Linked Data is moving from research topic to
commodity publishing
• We can now extend this approach to other types of dataset
and link our transparency data
51

52. Our aims with Organogram Data
• Make it as simple as possible for people in Departments to
create Linked Data
• Create high quality, consistent data that matches the policy
intent and guidance
• Distributed capture and publishing
• Create open data in open standards using open source
tools
• Human readable and machine readable from single source
• Provide download and API access in different formats
(CSV, XML, JSON, RDF, HTML)
• Evolutionary route to create longitudinal datasets,
reconciling against previous data
• Enable everyone to publish 5 Star Linked Data
52

53. The process
• Capture organisation data using a spreadsheet, which
verifies policy rules and datatypes
• Upload spreadsheet
• Preview organogram
• Download RDF and two CSVs
• Publish on your website and register with data.gov.uk
53

54. The Excel bit…
• It’s the tool most Civil Servants have
• This *does* also work in Libre Office / Open Office etc
54

55. 55

56. 56

57. 57

58. Linked Data Publishing Infrastructure
Organogram
HTML, CSS &
JavaScript
Excel
file
HTML XML JSON
1. Upload Excel
Organogram (PHP) Linked Data API
2. Create 3. Create 4. Query 5. Create
CSVs Mapping (SPARQL) RDF
RDF file
Senior Junior Mapping API
6. Load
CSV CSV TRiG RDF Config
7. Query
XLWrap (SPARQL)
Sesame
TDB RDF Store
Reconciliation
58

59. Linked Data adds value
• Implicit properties are made explicit (person, role, person in
a role)
• Reconciliation adds value by automatic linking to other data
• Provenance
• Example data
• Explicit open licence

60. 60

62. On the web, everything is a claim
• How did you come by this information?
• What did you do with it?
• When, who and how?
62

63. An opportunity
• We are developing a new system for publishing legislation,
operating inside the government secure intranet / extranet
• We want to provide evidence that supports the data we are
publishing
63

64. Legislation workflows
• Complicated and vary by jurisdiction and content type
• We take documents in different formats (Word,
Framemaker) and convert them to a single format (XML)
• We store XML documents in an XML Database
• We take documents from a single format (XML) and
transform them to different formats (HTML and PDF)
• Complex processes for handling images etc
• Sometimes mistakes are made, which can be corrected
through a “Correction Slip”
64

65. Objectives for provenance with legislation
• Transparency and public trust - we substantiate our claim
that this web page is what the legislation says
• The audit trail is repeatable
• Performs automatic checks along the way and evidence
that checking
• Use digital signatures rather than rely on the immutability of
paper, to ensure authenticity
• Create a data source we can use to resolve any disputes
(where did that footnote go?)
• Create a data source we can use to measure contractual
performance (how long did it take to publish that
document?)
65

66. Our technology choices
• We use both XML and RDF
• XML is brilliant for single source publishing solutions – one
source, many outputs
• RDF provides a flexible data model for other types of
information (bibliographic metadata, but also things like
which item of legislation has changed what)
• We are recording provenance in RDF using the Open
Provenance Model Vocabulary
66

67. Open Provenance Model Vocabulary
Opmv:Artifact(k-1) Opmv:Agent
Opmv:Artifact(k-1)
Opmv:Artifact Opmv:wasPerformedBy
Opmv:used
Opmv:wasControlledBy
Opmv:Process
Opmv:wasGeneratedBy
Document(k) Opmv:Artifact(k)
Document(k) Opmv:Artifact(k)
Document Opmv:Artifact
67

68. Provenance chain audit trail
<urn:uuid:6F677120-152C-11E1-8715-
95963F5713B6>
<http://w8www077254:9999/vsrs_api/bundle/2011-11-
09/2/uksi/task/word-export-wml/1>
a ns0:Process ;
rdfs: "Word Export to WML1 Process" ;
ns0:wasControlledBy Container1
<http://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/software/MsWord/2003> ,
<http://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/software/WordToClml/1.0> ;
ns1:hasParentProcess
<http://w8www077254:9999/vsrs_api/bundle/2011-11-
09/2/uksi/task/word-to-xml> ;
ns2:source <http://w8www077254:9999/vsrs_api/bundle/2011-
11-09/2/uksi/data.doc> .
} Signature(c1) Container2
<urn:uuid:6FA2F380-152C-11E1-8715-
C9B1D4C6E3FB> {<urn:uuid:6F677120-152C-
11E1-8715-95963F5713B6>
swp:assertedBy <urn:uuid:6FA2F380-152C-11E1-8715-
C9B1D4C6E3FB> ;
swp:digest
Signature(c2)
"N2U1ZGZhMzI3M2IzNmFjNDNlMmZkZTkyZTkwY2RlYWY4NmU5M
DJiYw=="^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#base64Binary> ;
Container3
swp:digestMethod swp:JjcRdfC14N-sha1 .
<urn:uuid:6FA2F380-152C-11E1-8715-C9B1D4C6E3FB>
swp:assertedBy <urn:uuid:6FA2F380-152C-11E1-8715-
C9B1D4C6E3FB> ;
swp:authority <http://www.tsoshop.co.uk> ;
swp:signature
"kWcf…6g=="^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#base64Binary
Signature(c3)
>;
swp:signatureMethod swp:JjcRdfC14N-rsa-sha1 .
<http://www.tsoshop.co.uk>
swp:X509Certificate "MIIG …. “ .
}
68

69. Publishing provenance
• Provenance information may be associated by including a
<link> element in the HTML <head> section:
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<link rel="provenance" href="provenance-URI">
<link rel="anchor" href="entity-URI">
<title>Welcome to example.com</title>
</head>
<body> ... </body>
</html>
69

70. Summary
• Linked Data is essential to realising the promise of Open
Government Data
• Using Linked Data means working on
o Standards
o Reference Data
o Production
o Publishing
• Benefits grow with the more data you want to combine
• Lots of opportunities for international collaboration
• Best advice, just start

71. Questions?
71