Explains why we search more then one resource, use standardized index terms and plain language keywords, and how to do term harvesting.

1. Library Resources for
Systematic Reviews
Susan Fowler, MLIS
fowler@wustl.edu

2. Systematic Review Guide
http://beckerguides.wustl.edu/SystematicReviews

3. Citation Management
• EndNote: http://sl.wustl.edu/
• Zotero: http://libguides.wustl.edu/zotero

4. Library Services
• 6 Becker Librarians are trained to support
systematic reviews
– PICOTT Refinement
– Search Strategy
– Databases and Grey Lit Resource recommendations
– EndNote Libraries
– Excel workbook preloaded with citations
– Publication recommendations
– Inter-library loan

5. What we think searching is
like – 2 minute scene

6. What searching is really
like – 18 hours

7. Search Strategies
Quality of Life
“Quality of Life"[Mesh] OR “Quality of Life" OR
“Life Qualities” OR “Life Quality” OR “HRQL” OR
“health related quality of life”

8. Standardized Index Terms

9. Standardized Index Terms
• Preterm Pregnancy
– “Preterm Pregnancy” = 27 hits
– "Obstetric Labor, Premature”[Mesh] = 16,252 hits

10. Combine Standardized Terms with
Natural Language
• Preterm Labor
– “Preterm Pregnancy” = 72 hits
– "Obstetric Labor, Premature”[Mesh] = 16,252 hits
– "Obstetric Labor, Premature"[Mesh] OR "preterm
pregnancy“ = 16,286

11. Search Strategy with Harvested Terms
• Preterm Labor
– "Obstetric Labor, Premature"[Mesh] OR "preterm
pregnancy" OR “Premature Labor” OR “Preterm
Labor” OR “Premature Obstetric Labor” OR
“premature delivery” OR “premature labour” OR
“preterm birth” OR “preterm delivery”
25,605

12. Term Harvesting
• Natural language terms can be harvested
from…
– Synonyms in standard index entries
– Titles and abstracts of key articles
– Dictionaries and Thesauri

13. Synonyms in Indexes

14. Systematic Review Workshop ©HSLS – University of Pittsburgh

15. Systematic Review Workshop ©HSLS – University of Pittsburgh

16. Systematic Review Workshop ©HSLS – University of Pittsburgh

17. Systematic Review Workshop ©HSLS – University of Pittsburgh

18. Systematic Review Workshop ©HSLS – University of Pittsburgh

19. Extremely premature infants
textword/phrase Harvest
• Extremely preterm
• Extremely preterm birth
• Extremely preterm infants
• Extremely preterm children
• Extremely preterm child
• Extremely premature
• Extremely premature newborns
• Extremely premature neonates
• Extremely immature
• Extremely low birth weight
• Extremely low-birth-weight
• Extremely low birthweight
• ELBW
• EI infants
• EI survivors
• Extremely small
• ES infants
• ES survivors
• Extreme prematurity
• Very-low-birth-weight
– Very low birth weight
– Very low birth weight young adults
– Very low birth weight men
• 401 – 1000 g birth weight
• Birth weight >400 g
• 501- to 600 –g birth weight
• 901 – 1000 g birth weight
• 501 to 1000g
• 500 to 999 g
• 500 to 999-g birth weight
• Birth weight 500 – 999 g
• Birth weight <1000g
• Birthweight <1000g
• Birth weight less than 1001g
• Birth weight 401 to 500 grams
• Birth weight 401 to 500g
• 401 to 500g

20. Extremely premature infants
textword/phrase harvest
• <750 g
• 800 g or less
• <or=2000g
• <1000 g
• 1000g
• <or=2000 g
• Weighing less than 1500 g
• Mean birth weight, 1179 g
• Mean birth weight 811 g
• Mean body weight: 756 g
• Low birth weight premature infants
• Very preterm
• Very preterm survivors
• Very preterm infants
• Lighter low birth weight
• LLBW
• Smallest infants
• EPICure Study
• Prognostic value of birth weight
• Less than 25 weeks’ gestational age
• <25 weeks estimated gestational age
• <25 weeks EGA
• 25 or fewer completed weeks of gestation
• 25 weeks of gestational age or less
• <or=25 weeks 6 days gestations
• <or=25 weeks gestation
• 23 to 25 weeks gestation
• 25 or fewer completed weeks of gestation
• Before 26 weeks of gestation
• Less than 30 weeks’ gestation
• <30 weeks’ gestation
• 23 to 29 weeks gestation
• Mean gestational age 25.5 weeks
• <32 weeks’ gestation
• Low gestation (22-26 weeks)
• Higher gestation (27-32 weeks)
• Low gestational age
• 24-26 weeks of gestation
• 23-27 weeks gestational age
• 23-27 weeks
• Before 26 weeks gestation
• <28 weeks
• Born preterm
• Preterm
• Preterm-born

21. Final Search Strategy
("obesity"[Mesh] OR "obesity, morbid"[Mesh] OR "overnutrition"[Mesh] OR obes* OR dipose tissue hyperplsi OR oberts OR overnutrition)
AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR womn) AND ("Infertility, Femle/diet therpy"[Mesh] OR "Infertility, Femle/drug therpy"[Mesh] OR "Infertility,
Femle/rdiotherpy"[Mesh] OR "Infertility, Femle/rehbilittion"[Mesh] OR "Infertility, Femle/surgery"[Mesh] OR "Infertility,
Femle/therpy"[Mesh] OR "Ovultion Indution"[Mesh] OR "Ovultion Indution" OR Ovrin Stimultion OR Ovrin Stimultions OR
Anovultion OR indued ovultion OR indue ovultion OR Superovult* OR "Gondotropins"[Mesh] OR "Proltin"[Mesh] OR "Follile
Stimulting Hormone"[Mesh] OR "Luteinizing Hormone"[Mesh] OR "Menotropins"[Mesh] OR Gondotropin* OR Choriogondotropin OR Choriogonin OR
Pregnyl OR Chorulon OR Gonbion OR Biogondil OR nthrogon OR folistimn OR gond stimulting hormone OR gondotrophi hormone OR
gondotrophin OR gondotropi hormone OR pituitry gondotrophin OR pregondotropin OR Proltin OR PRL OR Mmmotropin OR ltogen
OR ltogeni hormone OR ltotropin OR lth OR luteotrophi hormone OR luteotropi hormone OR luteotropin OR mmmotropin OR
mmmotropine OR "Follile Stimulting Hormone" OR FSH OR Follile-Stimulting Hormone OR Follitropin OR fertilin OR folliotropin OR
folliulostimulting hormone OR fsh nostion OR TSH-lph OR TSH lph OR Chorioni Gondotropin, lph OR Follile Stimulting
Hormone, lph Subunit OR Glyoprotein Hormones, lph Polypeptide OR Thyrotropin lph Subunit OR TSH, lph Subunit OR
"Luteinizing Hormone" OR Lutropin OR Interstitil Cell Stimulting Hormone OR Interstitil Cell-Stimulting Hormone OR Luteozymn OR
Luteozimn OR luteinising hormone OR ish OR ovulting hormone OR "Menotropins" OR Menotrophin OR HMG Mssone OR Pergonl-
00 OR Pergonl 00 OR Menopur OR Menogon OR Normegon OR ORG-1 OR ORG 1 OR Pergonl OR Humegon OR Clomiphene
itrte OR Letrozole OR Metformin OR gondoryl OR humegon OR merionl OR neopergonl OR repronex OR "Insemintion"[Mesh] OR
Insemint* OR Eutelegenesis OR Eutelegeneses OR "Reprodutive Tehniques, Assisted"[Mesh] OR Assisted Reprodutive Tehnique OR
Assisted Reprodutive Tehnis OR Assisted Reprodutive Tehniques OR Assisted Reprodutive Tehnologies OR Assisted
Reprodutive Tehnology OR ART OR infertility therpy OR reprodution tehniques OR in vitro fertiliztion OR IF OR
extrorporel fertiliztion OR in vitro fertiliztion OR In itro Fertiliztions OR Test-Tube Fertiliztion OR Test Tube
Bbies OR Test-Tube Bby OR Test Tube Fertiliztion OR Fertiliztions in itro OR Test-Tube Bbies OR ICSI OR intrytoplsmi
sperm injetion OR intrytoplsmi sperm injetions OR Embryo Trnsfer OR embryo trnsplnttion OR zygote intrfllopin
trnsfer OR Embryo Trnsfers OR Blstoyst Trnsfer OR Tubl Embryo Stge Trnsfer OR Fertility Preservtion OR Fertility
Preservtions OR reprodutive proedure OR folliulr spirtion OR follile spirtion OR ooyte spirtion OR ovum
spirtion OR ooyte retrievl OR egg retrievl OR ooyte hrvest OR ooyte reovery OR Ooyte Colletion OR g.i.f.t. OR
intrfllopin gmete trnsfer OR In itro Ooyte Mturtion OR IM tehnique OR ooyte in vitro mturtion OR In itro
Mturtion of Ooytes OR Ooyte Dontion OR Ooyte Dontions OR Ovum Dontion OR Ovum Dontions OR Ovum Dontion OR Posthumous
Coneption OR posthumous ssisted reprodution OR posthumous reprodution OR posthumous sperm prourement OR postmortem
reprodution OR Sperm Retrievl OR mirosurgil epididyml sperm spirtion OR perutneous epididyml sperm spirtion OR
perutneous sperm spirtion OR testiulr sperm spirtion OR testiulr sperm extrtion OR testis sperm extrtion OR Sperm
Retrievls OR Sperm Aspirtion) AND ("Diet"[Mesh] OR "Diet Therpy"[Mesh] OR "diet therpy" [Subheding] OR diet* OR diets OR dieting
OR dieted OR dieter OR dieters OR dietry OR formulted food OR high roughge OR ft mel OR lipid mel OR protein mel OR
vegetrin* OR vegn* OR slt restrition OR lorie restrition OR lori restrition OR low iron intke OR low potssium
intke OR potssium restrition OR shm feeding OR nutritionl support OR vitmin supplementtion OR Food Fds OR Food Fd OR
Clori Intke OR energy intke OR fsting OR strvtion OR "Weight Loss"[Mesh] OR "Weight Loss" OR Weight Losses OR Weight
Redution OR Weight Redutions OR weight derese OR weight losing OR weight reduing OR weight wthing OR "Exerise"[Mesh]
OR exeris* OR streth* OR resistne trining OR strength trining OR Weight-Lifting OR Weight Lifting OR Weight Bering OR
Weight-Bering OR running OR runnings OR Jogging OR Joggings OR swimming OR wlking OR mbultion OR erobi* OR nerobi work OR
endurne trining OR isometri endurne OR isometri trining OR piltes OR "Relxtion"[Mesh] OR "Relxtion Therpy"[Mesh] OR
"Attention/therpy"[Mesh] OR "Medittion"[Mesh] OR stress redution OR stress reduers OR yog OR mindful OR mindfulness OR relxtion
method OR relxtion tehnis OR relxtion tehniques OR relxtion therpy OR relxtion trining OR "Mind-Body
Therpies"[Mesh] OR Mind Body Mediine OR Mind-Body Mediine OR Mind Body Therpies OR Mind-Body Therpy OR Aromtherpy OR
Aromtherpies OR Arom Therpy OR Arom Therpies OR Biofeedbk OR biofeedbks OR Myofeedbk OR psyhophysiologi
response OR Neurofeedbk OR Neurofeedbks OR Alph Feedbk OR Eletromyogrphy Feedbk OR EEG Feedbk OR Brething
Exerises OR Brething Exerise OR Respirtory Musle Trining OR Qigong OR Qi Gong OR Ch'i Kung OR brething therpy OR
hest physil therpy OR hest physiotherpy OR respirtion exerise OR respirtion therpy OR respirtory exerise OR
respirtory physiotherpy OR Hypnosis OR Hypnoses OR Mesmerism OR mesmerize OR hypnogenesis OR hypnotism OR hypnotist OR
hypnoti OR Autogeni Trining OR Autogeni Trinings OR utogenous trining OR Suggestion OR suggestions OR
utosuggestion OR Autosuggestions OR uto suggestion OR Imgery OR Imgeries OR Lughter Therpy OR Medittion OR Mentl
Heling OR mind heling OR Psyhodrm OR drm therpy OR drmtherpy OR Role Plying OR role ply OR Psyhophysiology OR
Physiologil Psyhology OR Physiologi Psyhology OR Mind-Body Reltions OR Mind Body Reltions OR Mind-Body Reltion OR Mind-
Body Reltionship OR Mind Body Reltionship OR Mind-Body Reltionships OR Relxtion Therpy OR relxtion method OR
relxtion tehnis OR relxtion tehniques OR relxtion therpy OR relxtion trining OR Ti Ji OR Ti-ji OR Ti Chi
OR Tiji OR Tijiqun OR T'i Chi OR Therpeuti Touh OR Reiki OR Lying-on-of-Hnds OR og) AND ("Pregnny
Outome"[Mesh] OR "Delivery, Obstetri"[Mesh] OR "Cesren Setion"[Mesh] OR "ginl Birth fter Cesren"[Mesh] OR "Pregnny Rte"[Mesh]
OR Live Birth OR Live Births OR stillbirths OR stillbirth OR birth outome OR obstetri outome OR Cesren* OR Abdominl
Deliveries OR Abdominl Delivery OR C-Setion OR C Setion OR C-Setions OR Postesren Setion OR indued lbor OR Fetl
ersions OR Fetl ersion OR Externl Cephli ersions OR Externl Cephli ersion OR bort* OR birthing position OR home
delivery OR home birth OR home hildbirth OR instrumentl delivery OR breeh extrtion OR breeh delivery OR delivery
indution OR lbor elertion OR lbor induing OR lbor indution OR lbour indution OR prturition indution OR
stimulted lbor OR mniotomy OR vginl delivery OR norml delivery OR vginl birth OR vginl hildbirth OR "Pregnny
Rte" OR "Pregnny Rtes OR birth rte OR birth rtes OR fertility rte OR fertility rtes)

22. Why search >1 database?
Betran et al (2005) evaluated the effectiveness of each source
used in a systematic review. That identified >64,000 citations
and included 2093. Of these:
– MEDLINE identified 62%
– EMBASE 44%
– BIOSIS 17%
– POPLINE 12%
– Unique items
– MEDLINE ~20%
– EMBASE 7.4%
– LILACS 5.6%
22Systematic Review Workshop ©HSLS – University of Pittsburgh

23. Beyond PubMed
PubMed = 25,605
"Obstetric Labor,
Premature"[Mesh] OR
"preterm pregnancy" OR
“Premature Labor” OR
“Preterm Labor” OR
“Premature Obstetric Labor”
OR “premature delivery” OR
“premature labour” OR
“preterm birth” OR “preterm
delivery”
Embase = 96,943
'premature labor'/exp OR
‘preterm pregnancy’ OR
‘Premature Labor’ OR ‘Preterm
Labor’ OR ‘Premature
Obstetric Labor’ OR
‘premature delivery’ OR
‘premature labour’ OR
‘preterm birth’ OR ‘preterm
delivery’

24. Database Overlap
24Systematic Review Workshop ©HSLS – University of Pittsburgh
(Gavel, 2008)

25. What about Google Scholar?

26. Google Scholar, cont.
Embase = 96,943
'premature labor'/exp OR
‘preterm pregnancy’ OR
‘Premature Labor’ OR ‘Preterm
Labor’ OR ‘Premature
Obstetric Labor’ OR
‘premature delivery’ OR
‘premature labour’ OR
‘preterm birth’ OR ‘preterm
delivery’
Google Scholar = 20,200
“premature labor” OR
“preterm pregnancy” OR
“Premature Labor” OR
“Preterm Labor” OR
“Premature Obstetric Labor”
OR “premature delivery” OR
“premature labour” OR
“preterm birth” OR “preterm
delivery”

27. Grey Literature
• “…literature that is not formally published in
sources such as books or journal articles.”
http://handbook.cochrane.org/chapter_6/6_2_1_8_grey_literature_databases.htm
• "That which is produced on all levels of
government, academics, business and industry
in print and electronic formats, but which is
not controlled by commercial publishers.“
The Fourth International Conference on Grey Literature (GL '99) in Washington, DC, in October 1999

28. Clinicaltrials.gov

29. Hand Searching
• “Handsearching involves a manual page-by-page
examination of the entire contents of a journal issue or
conference proceedings to identify all eligible reports
of trials.”
• Authors are not routinely expected to hand search
journals for their reviews but they should discuss with
their Trials Search Coordinator whether in their
particular case hand searching of any journals or
conference proceedings might be beneficial.
http://handbook.cochrane.org/chapter_6/6_2_2_1_hand
searching.htm