1. Human Development: Infancy Bridget Nolan, KatherineSprague & Regina Navejar

2. Infancy Learning Objectives Students will become familiar with two of the four basic learning processes in infancy. You will know you have learned the processes if you can explain and teach to another student: Learning (the big picture) Operant conditioning (cool operator) Observational learning (I see, I learn) You will learn these two learning processes by: Reviewing the terms (look for the terms) Observing two videos and looking for the features of operant conditioning and observational learning Summarizing what you’ve learning to a classmate

3. Basic Learning Processes in Infancy I can think, perceive, or react to my environment in a new way. Through my experiences—repetition, study, practice and observations, I can learn. Learning What I’ve really learned, I won’t forget. If I do, then I didn’t really “learn” it. Shaffer, D.R., & Kipp, K. (2010). Developmental psychology: childhood & adolescence . Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

4. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Stage- Birth to age 2 Puckett, M.B. , & Black, J.K. . (2007). Understanding infant behavior. St. Paul, MN: Redleaf Press.

5. Operant Conditioning“Cool Operator” and the learning process Operant Conditioning Learner first emits a response Associates this action with the pleasant or unpleasant consequences it produces. Memory (Hayne & Rovee-Collier, 1995) The length of time an infant is able to recognize and recall a previously learned task increases according to age (2 month old infants- 3 days vs. 3 month old infants- 1 week) Reminders helped infants Context-dependant Social Significance of Early Operant Conditioning Infant action Seeks positive reaction from caring adult Example- smiling infant (action) receives a positive reaction from an adult who smiles in return (reaction) Shaffer, D.R., & Kipp, K. (2010). Developmental psychology: childhood & adolescence. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

6. Operant conditioning“Cool Operator” Response- Consequence- Result- Piaget: Secondary Circular Motions (4-10 Months) Intentionally repeats behaviors or enjoyable actions Operant Conditioning: Infant repeats action to favorable response Click on black screen If you can not view it on this PowerPoint, please go to the YouTube video Puckett, M.B. , & Black, J.K. . (2007). Understanding infant behavior. St. Paul, MN: Redleaf Press.

7. Observational Learning“I see, I learn” Learning that results from observing the behavior of others Cognitive form of observational learning: Observer attends carefully to the model Constructs symbolic representations (images or verbal summaries of the model’s behavior) Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory (pg 49) Observational Learning Attention- the learner observes Retention- retain by creating symbolic representations Reproduction- converts images into action Motivation- reinforcement or punishment Deferred Imitation Intentionally repeats behaviors: secondary circular reactions and coordination of secondary schemes- 8-12 months (Piaget, 1951) By age 9 months, some infants can imitate very simple acts up to 24 hours after they first observe them (Meltzoff, 1988c) Shaffer, D.R., & Kipp, K. (2010). Developmental psychology: childhood & adolescence. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

8. Observational Learning“I see, I learn” Albert Bandura Attention- the learner observes Retention- retain by creating symbolic representations Reproduction- converts images into action Motivation- reinforcement or punishment Jean Piaget Coordination of Secondary Schemes (10-12 months): Applies previously learned behaviors and activities to new situations; copying behaviors begin Observational Activity Is the learner paying attention to the model? Did the learner reproduce image into action? What appears to be the motivation of the learner? Click on black screen Go to YouTube to view if you’re not able to see it here. Puckett, M.B. , & Black, J.K. . (2007). Understanding infant behavior. St. Paul, MN: Redleaf Press.