This power point is made by collecting illustrations from different sources in order to make a complete presentation. it has been made in the pretext of veterinary medicine
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Types of fractures
1. Types of fractures
Shaft – diaphysis and
2 extremities ,
epiphysis
Marrow cavity
2. Def : fracture
Complete/
incomplete break –
continuity – bone /
cartilage or both,
with or without
displacement of
fracture fragments
Assoc. soft tissue
damage
3. Type of Fracture:
2. Cause, mild/
severe
3. Bone involved:
Young / old /
cortical / cancellous
4. Site of fracture
5. Temperament of
animal
4. Etiology:
• Extrinsic – trauma
and forces – act on
bone
c. Direct trauma:
Automobile accident
(80 %)
Fall from a height
Usually comminuted/
multiple type
5. a. Indirect : arises during
running , jumping or falling of
an animal
Forces like bending ,
torsional , compressive and
shearing are transmitted –
weak link within the bone
6. Bending forces
When it overcomes
– elastic limit of a
bone- cortex
opposite to force –
breaks – additional
force- complete
fracture
Oblique or
transverse fractures
Steps into a hole
while running
7. Torsional force
Bone is twisted
along its ling axis.
Result – one end is
fixed and other is
forced to rotate
Long / short spiral
fracture
8. Compressive forces
One end is fixed – other is forced
towards fixed end – compacted /
compression fracture
9. Shearing
Force transmitted
along long axis –
transferred to a portion
of the same bone –
peripheral to the axis
Fracture line – parallel
to direction of applied
force
Eg: fracture of bony
prominences
10. Intrinsic causes
Cause Inside body
Related to violent m.
contraction/ local or systemic
diseases
c. Muscular contraction: Skeletal m.
– violently – chip off – bone –
attachment insertion/ origin)
Avulsion fractures
Immature animals – common
Acromion , greater trochanter, tibial
tuberosity, calcaneal of fibular
tarsal
11. B. Pathological: local /
systemic dis. – bones –
abnormal/ weak –
fracture with wt.
Bone tumours, cysts,
osteoporosis, bone
infections, rickets ,
osteoporosis by
prolonged fixations
12. Classification
1. Basis of comminucation of the site to the
environment: Simple (closed)
Compound (open)
Simple: no wound at surface
no communication
Compound: open wound
communication
prone to infection
13. 2. Extent of fracture:
complete
Incomplete
Incomplete:
1. green stick – cortex
opp. To bending
breaks and under the
force remains intact
Immature animals –
elastic nature of bone
14. 2. Fissure fracture;
Direct trauma –
incomplete fracture
3. Depression
fracture; A small
portion of cortex –
depressed into its
parent bone – Maxilla
and frontal bones
15. Complete fractures
Complete loss of
bone continuity
and bone – div. –
2 or more
fragments
On the basis of
direction of the
fracture lines:
3. Transverse- result
of bending force
16. 2.Oblique – Bending +
axial compression –
diagonal to long axis
3. Spiral : Frac. Line
spirals the long axis
of bone(torsion,
twisting/ rotational
forces)
17. 4. Comminuted: 2 or more
fracture lines
interconnect each other
at one point.(butterfly
fracture)
5. Multiple fracture: 2 or
more – frac. Lines –
donot interconnect –
div. the bone into 3 or
more fracture
fragments. – severe
soft tissue injuries-
healing time is more
18. 6. Impacted fracture:
cortical end is
impacted into
cancellous – usually
at junction of
diaphysis and
metaphysis of a
long bone
19. 7. Compression
fracture: Cancellous
bone collapses –
compresses upon
itself- eg. Frac. Of
vertebral bodies –
spine trauma
21. Basis of anatomical
location
n Diaphyseal
fracture: 1/3rd,
2/3rd or distal 3rd
n Metaphyseal
fracture: Distal /
proximal
n Epiphyseal:
Distal / proximal
22. 4. Condylar : frac.
Lines pass
through condyles
or between
condyles
Eg; distal end of
humerus / femur
Further classified as
medial/ lateral
/.intercondylar/
supracondylar
23. 5. Articular: frac. Of
subchondral bone
6. fracture dislocation:
results into a joint
instability – luxation of
joint eg: Montegia
fracture of olecranon
process and dislocation of
elbow joint.