principles of translation

1. Principles and Methods of Translation

2. Principles and Methods of Translation

3. Principles and Methods of Translation

4. Principles and Methods of Translation
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5. Principles and Methods of Translation
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6. Principles and Methods of Translation
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7. Principles and Methods of Translation
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8. Principles and Methods of Translation
Educational Objectives
 Presenting a definition
on translation and
discussing the adopted
outlook for the purpose
of introducing some
major issues involved in
translation.

9. Principles and Methods of Translation
Catford‟s Definition of
Translation:
 The replacement of
textual material in one
language by
equivalent textual
material in another
language.

10. Principles and Methods of Translation
Task 1
(a) Go and bring a piece of chalk!
(b) Can you bring a piece of chalk please?
(c) Could someone bring a piece of chalk
please?

11. Principles and Methods of Translation
 (d) Can I ask you to go and bring a piece of
chalk please?
 (e) We don‟t have any chalk to write.
 (f) Please bring a piece of chalk.

12. Principles and Methods of Translation

13. Principles and Methods of Translation
Not all of the English utterances given in
Task 1 can be considered as the
translation equivalence of the given Farsi
utterance.

14. Principles and Methods of Translation
 They are different in terms of the
degree of intimacy the speaker
assumes between himself and his
addressee.

15. Principles and Methods of Translation
The utterance (f) is the best
translation equivalence, because
they are of equal degree of intimacy.

16. Principles and Methods of Translation
a -
b -
c

17. Principles and Methods of Translation
--
d
e -
f -

18. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
A review of types of
translation for a
better understanding
of the issues
involved in
translation process.

19. Principles and Methods of Translation
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20. Principles and Methods of Translation
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21. Principles and Methods of Translation
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22. Principles and Methods of Translation
•

23. Principles and Methods of Translation
•

24. Principles and Methods of Translation
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25. Principles and Methods of Translation
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26. Principles and Methods of Translation
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 Nor and neither can be used as negative
additive adverbs without being a correlative
pair.

27. Principles and Methods of Translation
neither nor

28. Principles and Methods of Translation


29. Principles and Methods of Translation
1. He did not receive any assistance from
the authorities nor did he believe their
assurance that action would soon be taken.

30. Principles and Methods of Translation
2. Many people are only dimly aware of
the ways in which the environment can be
protected. Nor have governments made
sufficient efforts to educate them.

31. Principles and Methods of Translation
.

32. Principles and Methods of Translation
Example:
SL: Translation is a branch of contrastive
linguistics.
:TL

33. Principles and Methods of Translation

34. Principles and Methods of Translation
Example:
SL: Phonology is the study of the sound
system of a language.
:TL

35. Principles and Methods of Translation

36. Principles and Methods of Translation
.

37. Principles and Methods of Translation
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Good-bye

38. Principles and Methods of Translation

39. Principles and Methods of Translation
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 God protector

40. Principles and Methods of Translation

41. Principles and Methods of Translation
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 God protect you

42. Principles and Methods of Translation
Newmark, 1981 
Semantic Translation 
(Communicative Translation) 

43. Principles and Methods of Translation
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SL: Wet Paint
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44. Principles and Methods of Translation
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 No Smoking
 It is forbidden to use tobacco products.

45. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives:
This lesson will focus on
the situational features
of a sentence, and will
discuss the issue of
translation equivalence
in this regard.

46. Principles and Methods of Translation
text

47. Principles and Methods of Translation
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 You haven‟t done the assignment, have you

48. Principles and Methods of Translation
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49. Principles and Methods of Translation
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50. Principles and Methods of Translation
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51. Principles and Methods of Translation
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I‟ve arrived

52. Principles and Methods of Translation
I
he you we
-
eat leave arrive
.

53. Principles and Methods of Translation
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-

54. Principles and Methods of Translation
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.

55. Principles and Methods of Translation
Situational Features:
All the features, which can be related to any
sentence situation, are called situational
features.

56. Principles and Methods of Translation
Distinctive Situational Features:
The set of situational features which are
contextually relevant to a text, are bundles of
distinctive situational features.

57. Principles and Methods of Translation
Determine the distinctive features of the
following sentences:
(a) It’s so hot here.
(b) I have done my homework.
(c) You should call your mother.

58. Principles and Methods of Translation

59. Principles and Methods of Translation
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60. Principles and Methods of Translation

61. Principles and Methods of Translation
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62. Principles and Methods of Translation

63. Principles and Methods of Translation
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64. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson aims at
introducing some of the
basic principles of
structural linguistics and
discussing the issue of
translation equivalence in
relation to them

65. Principles and Methods of Translation
John Lyons 

66. Principles and Methods of Translation
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.

67. Principles and Methods of Translation
. 


68. Principles and Methods of Translation
recognized 
 I recognized her by her red hat.

69. Principles and Methods of Translation
 Britain has recognized the new regime.

 He recognized that he was not qualified for
the post.
 The firm recognized Tom‟s outstanding work
by giving him an extra bonus.

70. Principles and Methods of Translation
syntagm

71. Principles and Methods of Translation
big 
b/i/g

72. Principles and Methods of Translation

73. Principles and Methods of Translation
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74. Principles and Methods of Translation
Semantic Structure

75. Principles and Methods of Translation
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76. Principles and Methods of Translation
Synonymy
conception-
idea -

77. Principles and Methods of Translation
Hyponymy
vehicle: car, bus, truck

78. Principles and Methods of Translation
vehicle 
Co-hyponymy

79. Principles and Methods of Translation

80. Principles and Methods of Translation

dead-alive single-married
Ahmad is single
Ahmad is not married.

81. Principles and Methods of Translation
Antonymy
Graded antonymy
.

82. Principles and Methods of Translation
old, young 

83. Principles and Methods of Translation

84. Principles and Methods of Translation
.

85. Principles and Methods of Translation
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86. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson will look at the
word and word meaning in
structural semantics and
discuss the related issues of
translation equivalence.

87. Principles and Methods of Translation
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Vocabulary 
Lexicon 
item Vocabulary /element 
itemlexical /element
Lexeme 
Collocation 

88. Principles and Methods of Translation
•

89. Principles and Methods of Translation
We are interested in football.
are interested in

90. Principles and Methods of Translation
:
.
are interested in

91. Principles and Methods of Translation
idiom

92. Principles and Methods of Translation

He put off the meeting. 

93. Principles and Methods of Translation
Content words

94. Principles and Methods of Translation
Structure words

95. Principles and Methods of Translation

96. Principles and Methods of Translation

97. Principles and Methods of Translation
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98. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objective
This lesson will look at
different levels of word
meaning and will discuss
the related translation
issues.

99. Principles and Methods of Translation
Referential meaning

100. Principles and Methods of Translation
Connotative meaning

101. Principles and Methods of Translation
(connotation)
.

102. Principles and Methods of Translation
Stylistic meaning

103. Principles and Methods of Translation
man ( ( ) gentleman 
chap

104. Principles and Methods of Translation
Affective meaning

105. Principles and Methods of Translation
Example:
I’m terribly sorry to interrupt, but I wonder if
you would be so kind as to lower your voice a
little.
Will you lower your voice?
Will you shut up?

106. Principles and Methods of Translation
Reflected meaning

107. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson will look at
some new layers and
dimensions of word-
meaning and their
implications in translation.

108. Principles and Methods of Translation
Figurative Meaning)
.

109. Principles and Methods of Translation
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owl

110. Principles and Methods of Translation
Collocative Meaning)

111. Principles and Methods of Translation

112. Principles and Methods of Translation
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113. Principles and Methods of Translation
rancid butter
addled egg
rotten fruit
corrupt person

114. Principles and Methods of Translation

115. Principles and Methods of Translation

116. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson will first look
at the sentence
structure in English.

117. Principles and Methods of Translation
 It will then discuss possible
differences or similarities between the
English and Farsi sentence structure.

118. Principles and Methods of Translation

119. Principles and Methods of Translation
Examples
(a)Human learning involves several types
of information processes.

120. Principles and Methods of Translation
(b) The mind is not a sponge absorbing
information, nor a connection to be
conditioned by external forces, but an active
processor of information.

121. Principles and Methods of Translation
(c) By definition, learning must be an
active process because learning can occur
only when a physical change takes place in
the brain.

122. Principles and Methods of Translation
Complement
Subject – Verb – Object – Complement – Adverbial
SV(O)(C)(A)
The meeting continued.
The blood supplies the body organs with oxygen.

123. Principles and Methods of Translation
head
modifier

124. Principles and Methods of Translation
Examples
• Another important component of human
learning
• Many current learning theories
• The amount of learned information

125. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson will focus on
textual structure of the
sentence, layers of
sentence meaning and
types of subject in a
sentence.

126. Principles and Methods of Translation
•
•

127. Principles and Methods of Translation
Theme

128. Principles and Methods of Translation
Examples
The underlined parts are the ‘theme’.
(a) All languages learned normally are
learned in social situations.

129. Principles and Methods of Translation
(b) Teachers should develop specific
positive approaches for helping faltering
students.
The teacher rewarded three of the students
for their excellent performance.

130. Principles and Methods of Translation
a. The teacher rewarded three of the
students for their excellent
performance.

131. Principles and Methods of Translation
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132. Principles and Methods of Translation
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Ideational - 

133. Principles and Methods of Translation
Interpersonal - 

134. Principles and Methods of Translation
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135. Principles and Methods of Translation
a 1. The door was opened by Ali.
a 2. Ali opened the door.
b 1. My mother gave me this apple.
b 2. This apple my mother gave.

136. Principles and Methods of Translation
c 1. Could you open the door please?
c 2. Open the door please.

137. Principles and Methods of Translation

. - 
. - 

138. Principles and Methods of Translation
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.

139. Principles and Methods of Translation
 My mother gave me this apple.
My mother 

140. Principles and Methods of Translation
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 b. This apple, my mother gave me.
my this apple 
mother

141. Principles and Methods of Translation
 c. This apple, I was given by my
mother.
I this apple 
my mother

142. Principles and Methods of Translation
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143. Principles and Methods of Translation
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144. Principles and Methods of Translation
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145. Principles and Methods of Translation
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146. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson will look at the
notion of “structure” in
language and its
manifestation across
different languages
drawing implication for
the translation.

147. Principles and Methods of Translation
Substance
Form

148. Principles and Methods of Translation
"
(structure for structure)
.

149. Principles and Methods of Translation
Example:
He said that he was ready.

150. Principles and Methods of Translation
was 
.

151. Principles and Methods of Translation
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. 

152. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson will look at
the language varieties
discussing the
translator’s task in
relation to them.

153. Principles and Methods of Translation

154. Principles and Methods of Translation
idiolect 
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155. Principles and Methods of Translation
Geographical dialect 
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156. Principles and Methods of Translation
(Temporal dialect): 
.

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158. Principles and Methods of Translation
Social dialect 
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161. Principles and Methods of Translation
Register 
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163. Principles and Methods of Translation
style 
formal 
colloquial informal
slang

164. Principles and Methods of Translation
Mode 
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165. Principles and Methods of Translation
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166. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson will look in
brief at some other
translation issues for
which we do not have
the space to discuss in
this book.

167. Principles and Methods of Translation
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168. Principles and Methods of Translation
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169. Principles and Methods of Translation
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170. Principles and Methods of Translation
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171. Principles and Methods of Translation
ambiguities 
Structural
Lexical

172. Principles and Methods of Translation
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a- The hatred of the killers.
a1- Someone hated the killers.
a2- The killers hated someone.

173. Principles and Methods of Translation
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c- the captain corrected the list.
c1- The captain corrected the (name) list.
c2- the captain corrected the ship‟s list leaning
position).
 list:
-

174. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
To present a
comprehensive
discussion on the the
process of „translating‟
in terms of the concepts
and notions we have
introduced in the
preceding units.

175. Principles and Methods of Translation
 Having introduced the basic meta-language on
translation, we intend to involve the learner in the
discussion on translation in English.

176. Principles and Methods of Translation
 The Act of Translating
 One cannot translate a text from one
language into another by directly replacing its
elements by their parallel ones in TL.

177. Principles and Methods of Translation
 Form vs Substance
 Different languages may give fifferent forms
to the same substance:

178. Principles and Methods of Translation
 Example: English uses only one form of
„cousin‟ to talk about eight different kinship
relations while Farsi uses eight different
forms for the same semantic domain.

179. Principles and Methods of Translation
 Denotational Range
 Lexical items in one language and their
parallel ones in another language may not be
of an identical denotational range:
 Example
 Egg shell
 Peel(potato)
 Bark(tree)
 Hide(animal)

180. Principles and Methods of Translation
 The denotational range of in Farsi is
wider than its counterpart in English.

181. Principles and Methods of Translation
 Collocational Range
 A word may collocate with some words in
Farsi while its parallel one in English may not
collocate with the language counterparts of
such words:

182. Principles and Methods of Translation
 rancid butter
 corrupt person
 addled egg
 decayed tooth
 As it is shown here, the word has a wide
collocational range in Farsi

183. Principles and Methods of Translation
 Figurative Vaue
 It is the layer of a word as the layer of
meaning which derives from the image
normally associated with that word among
the speakers of language.
 Example
 „Dog‟ can refer to a bad-tempered person.

184. Principles and Methods of Translation
Supplementary Unit
Objectives
Presenting a comparative
analysis of the structure
of noun phrases
(groups) in Farsi and
English.

185. Principles and Methods of Translation
 Comparing the structure of noun phrases in Farsi and
English
 Noun Groups in English
 Types of modifiers:
determiners, nouns, adjectives, verbs in –ing-
form, verbs in –ed form
 Types of qualifiers: preposition of+ noun group
 Relative pronouns
 Noun Groups in Farsi