2. NOAM CHOMSKY Father of Language A linguist and mathematician Had also made contributions in different fields such as psychology, philosophy, and even computer science Proponent of UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR [language acquisition device – every individual genetically has the ability to acquire language] He has developed his theory on GENERATIVE GRAMMAR which has had a profound influence on linguistics. He also developed what came to be “transformational grammar”

4. [All other sentences in the language could be described as reflecting systematic changes or transformations of the structure underlying one of these basic sentences.] a. Chris won the fellowship. b. The fellowship was won by Chris. c. Did Chris win the fellowship? d. Chris did not win the fellowship. e. Wasn’t the fellowship won by Chris? According to Chomsky, it is only sentence a that can be considered as a kernel sentence as it is the only that follows the criteria of what a basic sentence is. Sentences b to e, on the other hand went through various transformations already.

7. The rules are finite but the structures are generally infinite. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax: articulates what has to be known as the standard theory. The mind was not only a reasonable object of study in linguistics, but really the most interesting object of study. Linguistic Competence: the unconscious knowledge that underlies a speaker’s ability to produce sentences Linguistic Performance: the actual production of those sentences.

8. Reflexive Rule: whenever two NPs occur together in a simple sentence, the second one manifested as a compatible reflexive pronoun. Imperative Rule: imperative sentences have a covert you subject which triggers for the Reflexive Rule. you watch out for you REFL: you – watch out – for yourself IMP: 0 – watch out – for yourself YOU- YOURSELF

10. PS Rule: All grammatical kernel sentences in English consist of an NP followed by a VP. [definition of a sentence] S: NP - VP NOUN PHRASES children the children children the* Determiner [D]: cover term for articles, demonstratives, possessives, and quantifiers Rule: If an NP contains a D, then it must precede the N. NP: (D) - N

11. VERB PHRASES Someone ate. Someone ate cake. Someone ate in the kitchen. *Someone ate in the kitchen cake. Rule: All grammatical VPs in English consist of a V followed by an optional NP followed by an optional PP. VP: V VP: V – NP VP: V – PP VP: V – NP – PP

12. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES at home *home at Rule: Within a PP, the preposition precede the NP PP: P – NP Note: Each of the rules constitutes a definition of a particular phrase type. Taken together, these rules constitute a PS grammar of English.

13. TRANSFORMATIONS John has driven the car. The car has been driven by John. Has John driven the car? John has not driven the car. PS Grammar generates kernel sentences Transformations operate on kernel sentences to generate non-kernel sentences