The document outlines the history and evolution of psychology as a field from its establishment in the late 19th century to modern approaches. It notes key figures like Wundt, Freud, Watson, and Skinner and their founding of new perspectives. Modern psychology incorporates diverse approaches including behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic, neurobiological, evolutionary, and sociocultural views. Research methods like experimental, descriptive, and correlational aim to test theories, describe behaviors, and predict outcomes. Ethical principles of informed consent, debriefing, and confidentiality protect participants.

2. WILHELM WILLIAM
WUNDT JAMES
1890
Published
Principles of
Psychology
SIGMUND FREUD
1879
Established the first 1900
psychological Published the
laboratory Interpretation
In Leipzig of Dreams

3. ALFRED BINET & JOHN B.
THEODORE SIMON WATSON
1913
Wrote his book on
behaviorism, promoting
the importance of
environmental
1905 influences
Developed the 1st
standardized 1906
intelligence test Published the results
of his learning
experiments with dogs
IVAN PAVLOV

4. KAREN HORNEY
CARL ROGERS
1945
Criticized Freud’s theory as
male biased and presents 1951
her socio – cultural Published “On
approach Becoming a
Person;
developed the
client –
BF SKINNER centered
therapy
1938
Published “The ERIK ERIKSON
Behavior of
Organisms”, expanding 1950
the view of Published Childhood and
behaviorism Society

5. ROGER WOLCOTT ABRAHAM MASLOW
SPERRY
1954
Introduced the
1981 humanistic
Won a Nobel Prize perspective
for split – brain
research
ALBERT BANDURA
1961
Introduced the social
learning theory

6. APPROACHES/ PERSPECTIVES
IN MODERN PSYCHOLOGY

7. BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
• Emphasizes the
scientific study of
observable
behavioral
responses and their
environmental
determinants

8. COGNITIVE APPROACH
• Emphasizes the
mental processes
involved in knowing:
directing our
attention,
perceiving,
remembering,
thinking and solving
problems

9. PSYCHODYNAMIC /
PSYCHOANALYTIC
• Emphasizes
unconscious
thought, the conflict
between biological
instincts and
society’s demands,
as well as early
family experience

10. HUMANISTIC
• Emphasizes a
person’s capacity
for personal
growth, freedom
to choose a
destiny and
positive qualities

11. NEUROBIOLOGICAL
• Emphasizes that the
brain and the
nervous system
play central roles in
understanding
behavior, thought
and emotion.

12. EVOLUTIONARY
• Emphasizes the
importance of
adaptation,
reproduction and the
survival of the fittest
• Conditions that
allow individuals to
thrive or fail

13. SOCIOCULTURAL / CROSS
CULTURAL
• Emphasizes that
culture, ethnicity and
gender, among
other socio – cultural
contexts, are
essential to
understanding
behavior

15. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
• Studies the diagnosis,
causes and treatment
of mental disorders

16. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY
• Assists individuals in
dealing with many
personal problems
that do not involve
psychological
disorders

17. DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY
• Studies how people change physically,
cognitively and socially over the entire life span

18. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
• Studies all aspects of
the educational
process from the
techniques of
instructions to
learning disabilities

19. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
• Investigates all
aspects of
cognition such as
memory, thinking,
language and
decision making

20. INDUSTRIAL /
ORGANIZATIONAL
PSYCHOLOGY
• Studies all aspects of
behavior in work
settings
– Recruitment and
selection of employees
– Evaluation of
performance
– Work motivation
– Leadership

21. PSYCHOBIOLOGY
• Investigates the
biological bases of
behavior

22. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
• Studies all
aspects of
social behavior
and social
thought

23. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
• Studies all aspects
of basic
psychological
processes such as
learning,
perception and
motivation

24. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY
• Environmental Psychology - effect of physical
environment
• Health Psychology – behavior as a factor in
physical health
• Engineering Psychology – person – machine
interface
• Sports Psychology – role of sports in a healthy
lifestyle; preparation of athletes for competition
• Forensic Psychology – legal issues in court
and correctional system; treating prison
inmates.

25. RESEARCH
METHODS IN
PSYCHOLOGY
Experimental Method
Descriptive Research
Correlational Research

26. GOALS OF THE RESEARCH
METHODS
• Experimental Method
– Pursues the goals of control and explanation
• Descriptive Research
– Pursues the goal of description
• Correlational Research
– Pursues the goal of prediction

27. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
• Research that manipulates one or more variables, while
controlling other factors, to determine the effects of one
or more other variables.
• Purpose: to determine whether there is a casual
relationship.
• A theory can be defined as a "general principle proposed
to explain how a number of separate facts are related.”
• A theory is an "idea about a relationship." In order to test
whether a theory is correct or not, we need to do
research.

28. Concepts:
• Independent Variable
– Variable manipulated by the experimenter to determine its effect
on another, dependent variable (INPUT VARIABLE)
• Dependent Variable
– Variable showing the effect of the independent variable.
(RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT)
• Experimental Group
– Participants who are exposed to the experimental condition of
interest.
• Control Group
– Participants who are not exposed to the experimental condition
of interest.

29. EXERCISES:
• People who drive sports cars are more
aggressive in interaction with others.
• Does watching television violence affect
aggression.
• Does exposure to subliminal messages have an
effect on product sales.
• Does forming images of words to be
remembered enhance memory for those words.

30. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• Research that involves the recording of
behaviors that have been observed
systematically
• The researcher simply records what he or she
has systematically observed.
– Naturalistic Observation
– Case Studies
– Surveys
– Psychological testing
– Archival research

31. NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
• Observing behavior in their natural environment
• Often involves counting behaviors, such as number of aggressive
acts, number of smiles, etc.
• Advantages: Behavior is naturally occurring and is not manipulated
by a researcher and it can provide more qualitative data as opposed
to merely quantitative information.
• Limitations: Even the presence of someone observing can cause
those being observed to alter their behavior. Researcher’s beliefs
can also alter their observations. And, it is very difficult to coordinate
multiple observers since observed behaviors must be operationally
defined (e.g. what constitutes an aggressive act)

32. CASE STUDIES
• An in – depth study of an individual
• Following a single case, typically over an extended period of time
• Can involve naturalistic observations, and include psychological
testing, interviews, interviews with others, and the application of a
treatment or observation
• Advantages: Can gather extensive information, both qualitative and
quantitative and it can be helpful in better understanding rare cases
or very specific interventions
• Limitations: Only one case is involved, severely limiting the
generalization to the rest of the population. Can be very time
consuming and can involve other problems specific to the
techniques used, including researcher bias.

33. SURVEYS
• A set of questions related to a particular topic of interest
administered to a sample of people through an interview
or questionnaire.
• Advantages: Can gather large amounts of information in
a relatively short time, especially now with many surveys
being conducted on the internet.
• Limitations: Survey data is based solely on subjects’
responses which can be inaccurate due to outright lying,
misunderstanding of the question, placebo effect, and
even the manner in which the question is asked

34. PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
• A formal sample of a person’s behavior, whether written
or performed.
• Advantages: Most tests are normed and standardized,
which means they have very reliable and valid results.
Popular with businesses looking for data on employees
and with difficult or specific therapy cases
• Limitations: Tests which are not rigorously normed and
standardized can easily result in inaccurate results.

35. ARCHIVAL RESEARCH
• The systematic examination of collections
of letters, manuscripts, tape recordings,
video recordings or other records.
• Valuable sources of historical information.

36. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
• Research that studies the degree of relationship
between two or more variables.
• Variables – an event, behavior or condition or
characteristic
– E.g. age, height, temperature and intelligence
• Correlation – degree of relationship between two
or more variables.
• E.g. Relationship between obesity and exercise

37. THE ETHICS OF
RESEARCH

38. PRINCIPLE OF INFORMED CONSENT
• The principle that before consenting to
participate in research, people should be
fully informed about any significant factors
that could affect their willingness to
participate.

39. PRINCIPLE OF DEBRIEFING
• At the conclusion of an experimental
session, informing the participants about
the general purpose of the experiment,
including any deception that was involved.

40. PRINCIPLE OF CONFIDENTIALITY
• The principle that all personal information
obtained from a participant in research or
therapy should not be revealed without the
individual’s permission.