The trials and tribulations of Henry IV, once he has gained the crown. Wars with the Percires and Owen Glendower.

1. Henry IV
Keeping the Crown

2. Richard and Lancastrian Inheritance
• 1397 Scheme to overturn restoration of the
inheritance which had been taken away by
Edward II
– Mowbray informs Henry/Henry complains to
Richard
– Their differences to be settled by dual
– Richard changes this to exile
• 1399 John of Gaunt dies
– Exile of Henry made permanent

3. Lancaster
The Duchy Today

4. Henry IV – Stated Aims
• Restoration of Lancaster
• Appointment as steward
• Punishment of councilors who advocated
removal of Lancaster
Sources: 1403 and later

5. Justifications
• Vacancy
• Descent
• Conquest and will of the people

6. Vacancy
• Voluntary abdication
• Deposition approved by Commons and Lords
– Richard had stated “the laws of England were in
his mouth or breast”

7. Crouchback Justification
Henry III
Edward I
Edmund ‘Crouchback’ (1245-1296)
Edward II
Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster (1281-1345)
Edward III
Henry of
Joan of Lancaster,
Mary of Lancaster,
Grosmont, Earl of
(~ 1312-1345);
(~1320-1362),
Derby, 1st Duke of
m. John de
m. Henry de Percy,
3rd Baron Percy
Lancaster,
Mowbray, 3rd Baron
(~ 1310-1361)
Mowbray
John of
Blanche of
John de Mowbray,
Henry Percy, 1st
Gaunt
Lancaster
4th Baron Mowbray
Earl of
(1340–1368)
Northumberland
(1341-1408)
Henry IV
Thomas de
‘Hotspur’
(1367-1413)
(1364-1403)
Mowbray, 1st Duke
of Norfolk

8. Primogeniture
Edward III (1312-1377)
Edward
Lionel of
John of
Edmund of
Thomas of
the Black
Antwerp
Gaunt
Langley
Woodstock
Prince
Duke of
Duke of Duke of York
Duke of
(1330Clarence
Lancaster (1341-1402)
Gloucester
1376)
(1338 –1368), (1330-1399)
(1355-1397)
Richard II
Philippa
Henry IV
Edward of Anne Stafford
(1355-78)
Norwich
m. Edmund
Mortimer
Roger
Mortimer
(1374-1398)
Edmund
Mortimer
(1391-1425)

9. Rules of Succession
• Salic law
• 1290 Edward I – Primogeniture
• 1337 Edward III claim to France through his
mother
• 1351 Statute 'the law of the crown of England, is,
and always hath been such, that the children of
the kings of England, in whatsover parts they be
born, in England or elsewhere, be able and ought
to bear the inheritance after the death of their
ancestors'
• 1376/7 Edward III – Entail male

10. Criticisms of Henry IV
• Not hard enough on his opponents
• Too generous with his adherents
• Since his accession “there have not been
seven days good and seasonable weather”

11. Richard II Lives
•
•
•
•
Source of first opposition
Murder (presumed) and burial
Rumor persists
Scotland supports a ‘Richard’ until 1419

12. The Marches

13. The Marches - Scotland
1399 Henry Percy (Northumberland appointed
Warden of West March; Constable of England
Robert III addresses Henry IV as Duke of
Lancaster
1400 Henry IV invades Scotland
– 1,771 men-at-arms and 11,314 archers

14. Scotland
• 1402 Battle of Homildon Hill (Douglas vs.
Percies)
– Henry IV refuses to allow ransom of prisoners
• 1406 Capture of heir to throne, James
– Pawn against Duke of Albany, regent of Scotland
– Held to 1424

15. 1405 Rebellion
• Border shires given tax reductions because of
damage caused by Glyn Dŵr’s rebellion
• Increased tax on northern clerics

16. Preparing for Henry V
• The Beaufort family had been legitimated by an
Act of Parliament during King Richard II's reign.
• 1406, Beaufort family debarred from succession
to the Throne.
• Succession given to Henry IV’s sons in order
(assuming Henry IV is the rightful king)
• Act of Settlement of 1404 was amended to allow
claims to the Throne by descent through the
female line???

17. Percy rebellion
• Delay in payments for Percy defenses of the
West Marches
– Cash formed 32 per cent of the total of all
revenues
– ‘bad tallies’ were 37 per cent of the total of
assignments. (standard story)
• Welsh policy

18. 1405 Scrope Rebellion
Manifesto
• Burdensome taxation on both the laity and
Church
• Replaced experienced officials with new men
who performed poorly or corruptly
• Subverted the process for selection of
members of Parliament.

19. Henry IV’s Taxes
1400 none
1401 Tax for Wales campaign; debts from
Scotland campaign
1402 Forced loans
1404 New tax on income

20. 1404 Unlearned Parliament; the Lawless
Parliament; Parliament of Dunces
"No Sheriff to be returned, nor any apprentice
or other person at law”
Supplement on very wealthy
Tax on lands given by both Richard and Henry
Suggested ways for Henry’s household to cut
expenses

21. Appointments
71% of sheriffs were either retainers of the king
or retainers or tenants of the duchy of Lancaster.
86% of the sheriffs had no prior experience
Drop in revenues attributed to inefficiency in
collection