3. ACTIVE
POPULATION
High rate of active population (71,9%):
High % of adults in the population structure.
Many women work outside the household.
4. ACTIVE
POPULATION
Active population varies according to age, gender & level of education.
Among the active population there are more:
OLDER PEOPLE (VS young people) education lasts
longer & people delay their retirement.
MEN (VS women)
TRAINED PEOPLE (VS people with a low level of
education)
5. ACTIVE
POPULATION
Active population also varies according to economic sectors.
PRIMARY SECTOR: few people work in it.
SECONDARY SECTOR: grew during the Industrial Revolution, but lost importance in the 1970’s
due to:
mechanisation (humans’ work
replaced by machines, robots…)
industrial offshoring (manufacturing is
undertaken in developing countries)
TERTIARY SECTOR: highest due to higher
living standards (education & healthcare
available for everyone, higher demand
of varied services – leisure, tourism,
transports, trade…-)
6. ACTIVE
POPULATION
However, there are differences between countries:
EASTERN COUNTRIES: the primary & secondary sectors are more important.
WESTERN & NORTHERN COUNTRIES: the tertiary sector is more important.
10. ACTIVE
POPULATION: PROBLEMS
AGEING OF THE ACTIVE POPULATION
Due to...
Fall in birth rate & increase in life
expectancy.
Pension systems will be
unsustainable. Need to increase
the retirement age.
PROBLEM
12. ACTIVE
POPULATION: PROBLEMS
GENDER INEQUALITIES
Women have…
Lower employment rates:
they carry out more
household tasks.
Lower salaries:
part-time & low-paid jobs,
fewer positions of
responsibility.
14. PRIMARY SECTOR
AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES
• Industrialized & technologically advanced.
• Production:
Intended to sell in national & international markets.
Specialized adapted to the characteristics of the
environment.
Oceanic climate region
Continental climate region
Mediterranean region.
18. PRIMARY SECTOR
Problems of agrarian activities in the EU:
Food safety
Over-production
Environmental damage
Abandonment of agrarian activities.
Tried to be solved with a
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
21. PRIMARY SECTOR
FISHING
• Modern & technologically advanced fleet.
• Main fishing countries: Norway, Spain, Denmark...
• Use of the production: direct human consumption or industrial
transformation (fishmeal & oils).
22. PRIMARY SECTOR
Problems of fishing in the EU:
Excessive capacity of the fleet with regard to the available fishing resources
Over-fishing danger of exhausting certain species.
Tried to be solved with a
Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)
27. ACTIVITIES
P. 178-179 EXERCISE 1.
Which are the EU policies to regulate agriculture & fishing? What are
their aims?
Do a summary/outline of p.178-9
28. SECONDARY SECTOR
Does Europe have enough
minerals & energy sources?
Which 3 European
countries have oil & natural
gas reserves?
PRODUCCIÓN
MUNDIAL DE GAS, 2006
29. SECONDARY SECTOR
RAW MATERIALS (MINERALS) & ENERGY SOURCES
• Are in short supply in Europe need to be imported.
• Exceptions: UK, Norway, Netherlands surplus of energy; can
export.
30. SECONDARY SECTOR
INDUSTRIAL SECTORS IN EUROPE
• IN CRISIS traditional sectors
(textile, iron, steel, ship
building…)
• GROWING (OR ENDURING)
Dynamic sectors (food,
chemical, cars, machines,
high-tech sectors -IT,
electronics, biotechnology,
aerospace…-)
Why?
31. INNOVATIVE (HIGH-TECH)
INDUSTRIES
TRADITIONAL (MATURE)
INDUSTRIES
• Located in developed
countries:
Advanced services.
Infrastructures.
Qualified labour force.
High purchase power
consumers.
• Located in developing
countries:
Abundant but unqualified
labour force.
Special conditions (duty-free
zones) & permissive
environmental legislations.
32. SECONDARY SECTOR
INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN EUROPE
• Main industrial regions:
• BLUE BANANA (diagonal axis)
• MEDITERRANEAN ARCH (sunbelt)
• In these regions industrial activities have
located in:
Ports: marine activities & those that import raw
materials by sea (steel, oil refineries,
petrochemicals).
Cities (workforce & consumer market):
consumer & high-tech industries.
• Current trend: spread to the outskirts (main
communication lines) seeking for cheap
land prices.
33.
34. SECONDARY SECTOR
EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL POLICY
3 aims
Environmental
care
Create new economic
activities & innovative
industries, specially in areas
of industrial crisis (to avoid
their economic decline)
Increase
investment in
new
technologies
and R&D
38. ACTIVITIES
• Do a summary/outline of p.180-1
• P. 180 Ex. 1 & 2b
• Map of industrial areas in Europe: draw a key
for your map, and colour in the BLUE BANANA
(diagonal axis) & the MEDITERRANEAN ARCH
(sunbelt). Locate the main cities in them (help
yourself with the maps on p.183 & 250):
BLUE BANANA BOTH MEDITERRANEAN ARCH
ENGLAND:
• Manchester
• London
FRANCE:
• Lille
• Strasbourg
NETHERLANDS:
• Amsterdam
• Rotterdam
BELGIUM:
• Brussels
• Antwerp
GERMANY:
• Düsseldorf
• Frankfurt
• Stuttgart
• Munich
LUXEMBOURG:
• Luxembourg
AUSTRIA:
• Innsbruck
SWITZERLAND:
• Zurich
ITALY:
• Milan
• Venice
• Genoa
FRANCE:
• Marseille
SPAIN:
• Barcelona
• Valencia
• Alicante
• Murcia
39. TERTIARY SECTOR
TRADE
• UE = World’s leading trading
region.
• Most exchanges take place
between EU members,
because the EU constitutes a
customs union:
Free trade among the EU
members
A common external tariff
to goods imported from
other countries.
41. TERTIARY SECTOR
TRANSPORT
• One of the most modern & efficient
transport networks in the world.
Dense network of motorways &
main roads
High-speed rail network
Important sea ports (Atlantic &
Mediterranean)
Major airports
42. The EU has a dense
ROAD
&
HIGH-SPEED RAILWAY
networks
44. How many of the top seaports in
the world are in the EU?
Which are they?
45. EU Transport policy: build a Trans-European Transport Network made up of
high-speed railways & motorways to connect Europe from N-S & E-W, to
boost the functioning of the internal market.
46. TERTIARY SECTOR
TOURISM
• EUROPE’s international tourism:
Major point of origin:
high standard of living.
Several top destination
countries:
France, Spain, Italy, Germany, UK.
What attracts foreign
people to come to
Europe?
47. What % of international
tourists chose Europe as
their destination?
Which are the favorite
touristic regions in Europe?
48. TERTIARY SECTOR
TOURISM
• EU TOURISM POLICY: the EU tries
to foster tourism (key sector) by
developing new forms of tourism
& improving tourist information &
safety.
49. MAIN FORMS
OF TOURISM IN
EUROPE
Alpine
holidays
Rural &
natural
sites
tourism
Cultural
holidaysBusiness
trips
Beach
holidays
51. ACTIVITIES
• Do a summary/outline of p.182.
• P. 182-183 Exercises 1 / 2 / 3
• How has free trade been smoothed inside the boundaries of the EU? How does
the EU promote European products VS foreign products?
