Assignment 7 (30 points)Accounting TheorySpring 2017Course Work Bo.docx

Assignment 7 (30 points)Accounting TheorySpring 2017Course
Work Book - Company Project Remember to express your
thoughts in your own words.
Do not simply cut and paste your response. (except where you
are told to cut and paste)Remember to indicate how the value is
determined!Reminder: Your portfolio is due and TO BE
PRESENTED…You will be asked to present at least one item
from your portfolio (you will present one or two items from
your portfolio of which you are most proud)Due Tuesday, May
02, 2017Read the Items Found on Canvas for Week 8by
11pmREADAICPA Guidance on Relevant Controls AICPA AU-
C 240.27 and AICPA AU-C 315.19, 21, 30, and
31http://www.aicpa.org/Research/Standards/AuditAttest/Pages/c
larifiedSAS.aspxAICPA AU-C 240, Consideration of Fraud in a
Financial Statement Audit (AICPA AU-C 240)AICPA AU-C
315, Understanding the Entity and Its Environment and
Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement (AICPA AU-C
315)AICPA AU-C 330, Performing Audit Procedures in
Response to Assessed Risks (AICPA AU-C 330)The AICPA
consider certain controls to be "always relevant." What are
they? (6)123456READPCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5, An
Audit of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting That Is
Integrated With an Audit of Financial Statements (PCAOB AS
5)http://pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/Pages/PreReorgStandar
ds.aspxPCAOB Auditing Standard No. 13, The Auditor’s
Responses to the Risks of Material Misstatement and PCAOB
Auditing Standard No. 15, Audit Evidence (PCAOB AS 15)How
does the PCAOB Define:PerformancePCAOB AS
15.20InspectionPCAOB AS 15.15ObservationPCAOB AS
15.16InquiryPCAOB AS 15.17Read the Items on the Canvas
assigned for Week 6See Also Additional Assignments and
Readings on CanvasFinal Exam DistributedWednesday, March
15, 2017Wednesday, April 12, 2017Wednesday, March 22,
2017Wednesday, April 19, 2017Wednesday, March 29,

2017Wednesday, April 26, 2017Wednesday, April 05,
2017Wednesday, May 03, 2017
&D &A
http://www.aicpa.org/Research/Standards/AuditAttest/Pages/cla
rifiedSAS.aspxhttp://pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/Pages/Pre
ReorgStandards.aspx
~ 1 ~
Death of Socrates
Paper #1
Current Events Video Project on Ethics, Corporate Social
Responsibility, and Sustainability (See due date in Blackboard)
Introduction: So far this semester, we have learned how to
record
the transactions of a business. As part of this course, we, as
instructors, are interested in you also learning about the social
and ethical responsibilities of businesses. I have taken an
assignment that I assembled for a business management class
and
am scaling it down for your class (their paper was a midterm
100
point paper, yours is a 3 page 30 point paper).

This paper has several parts that cumulatively will give me
insight as
to how you understand the material. I am putting significantly
more resources here than what you
actually have to do. This is a “cafeteria plan” paper where you
get to watch videos and /or read
articles based on what is of interest to you. I will make
suggestions (highlighted items) as to what I
think you should watch but ultimately, you choose. Some of
you are go getters and will watch most if
not all of the links. Some of you are at the other end of the
spectrum. The effort that you put into this
will determine how much you learn. You are in charge of your
education.
I would like you to write a 3 page paper with proper citations,
double spaced, 12 point Calibri font. Do
the best you can with grammar but I would suggest making an
outline first and putting the subheadings
in your paper. Three pages will go fast so focus on a couple of
ideas, not a recap of what you have
watched. I AM SPECIFICALLY LOOKING FOR YOUR
OPINION OF WHAT ETHICAL BEHAVIOR AND
CORPORATE RESPONSIBLIBITY ARE AND WHAT WE
SHOULD BE DOING ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY. I DO

NOT WANT A SUMMARY OF WHAT YOU WATCHED.
ONLY GIVE ME ENOUGH INFORMATION ABOUT
WHAT YOU WATCHED TO SET UP THE SCENE. A RULE
OF THUMB IS THAT FOR EACH PARAGRAPH OF
SUMMARY OF THE VIDEOS YOU SHOULD WRITE 3-4
PARAGRAPHS OF WHAT YOU THINK (DEMONSTRATE
YOUR CRITICAL THINKING, PROBLEM SOLVING
SKILLS).
I would like you to use the discussion board for this assignment
to put some blurbs about what you read
and think. Use it like a Facebook page. You don’t have
to be eloquent, just post what you think and let others
respond. More on this later.
Part 1:
Moral Reasoning
Http://JusticeHarvard.org is a website where a well-
known Harvard professor has taped his lectures in the
1000 seat auditorium of a real class and their
interaction of the ethical topic of justice.
~ 2 ~

It is fascinating to watch so I would like you to watch Episode 1
and at least one other episode (episode
12 is very good but in truth, they all are really good). The
episode can be chosen from the drop down
menu off the top bar titled “Watch Episodes” circled in the
image in a green oval.
Sustainability Videos
From a Sustainability class that I took online, I assembled the
following links.
decisions are limiting our ability to sustain
us on the planet Earth. (1)
easy to
understand due to the simplicity that Annie
choose to use. Please watch the first one on the list of links and
as many of the others that you have
interest in watching. I liked the story of electronics since it
deals with something that I use every
day. (2)
business decisions have affected her
neighborhood. She is dynamite! (3)

1. http://www.ted.com/talks/view/lang/en//id/945
“We are living in a time where human demands far outstrip the
resources available from our
planet. In order for humans to continue a life that resembles or
exceeds our current state, our
systems will need to be transformed. This transformation has
the potential to touch every area
of our lives - food production, energy generation,
transportation, settlement patterns, and
resource allocation.” This video is about sustainability and is a
subject we all need to consider more.
(Note: Understanding the concept of sustainability and its
connection to ethical behavior is the point of this midterm
exam.)
2. http://www.storyofstuff.org/movies-all/ (for all the movies)
Annie Leonard's Story of Stuff has been shown in classrooms
all over the country as a tool to help students connect with and
understand environmental issues. (The main website is at
http://www.storyofstuff.com/index.php). There are 8 movies to
watch and I have included the individual links below. My hope
is that you will watch them all since they are short but very
interesting and provocative videos.
-all/story-of-stuff/
-all/story-of-change/
-all/story-of-broke/
-all/story-of-citizens-
united-v-fec/
-all/story-of-electronics/

-all/story-of-cosmetics/
-all/story-of-bottled-
water/
vies-all/story-of-cap-trade/
3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQ-cZRmHfs4
“an emotionally charged talk, MacArthur-winning activist
Majora Carter details her fight for
environmental justice in the South Bronx -- and shows how
minority neighborhoods suffer most from
flawed urban policy.”
Blind Justice
http://www.ted.com/talks/view/lang/en/id/945
http://www.storyofstuff.org/movies-all/
http://www.storyofstuff.com/index.php
http://www.storyofstuff.org/movies-all/story-of-stuff/
http://www.storyofstuff.org/movies-all/story-of-change/
http://www.storyofstuff.org/movies-all/story-of-broke/
http://www.storyofstuff.org/movies-all/story-of-citizens-united-
v-fec/
http://www.storyofstuff.org/movies-all/story-of-electronics/
http://www.storyofstuff.org/movies-all/story-of-cosmetics/
http://www.storyofstuff.org/movies-all/story-of-bottled-water/
http://www.storyofstuff.org/movies-all/story-of-cap-trade/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQ-cZRmHfs4
~ 3 ~

Classical Ethical Theories
To win arguments, you have to justify your
reasoning. I put together a whole section of
ethical reasoning that may be of interest to
you. For example, you have all heard of “the
greatest good for the greatest number”
which is a Utilitarian argument. So, for
example, in Hollywood movies you will
constantly see that a few are sacrificed to
save the majority (the astronauts can collide
with the meteor sacrificing themselves so
everyone on earth will be saved). Kant,
Aristotle and others all had ways to think that
they used to justify their views. The videos are all 3 minutes
long and cleverly put together by someone
who talks 90 miles an hours so you have to pay attention while
you watch them. Remember that you
are just trying to learn the basics of what he is trying to say.
They are on my Prezi for a Business 110
class, chapter 4 (see the screen capture). Watch as many as you

would like. The web address to go to
is: http://prezi.com/f4kvleqnrvxo/business-110-at-hcc/
A PowerPoint Lecture online
To help you understand the basic moral
orientations that we all have (how we
decide what is right and wrong), there
is a power point by a really, really smart
guy (he’s a PhD). The second slide is
just a summary of the slides to come so
be sure to look at the rest of the slides
to get a bit more detail. You will see a
common phrase in quotes and the
name of the classical theory in green. I
think that if you would take a look at
this for 5 minutes, you would get a
sense that there are a multitude of
ways to justify how you think and what
you do.

http://www.slideshare.net/dborcoman/basic-moral-orientations
http://prezi.com/f4kvleqnrvxo/business-110-at-hcc/
http://www.slideshare.net/dborcoman/basic-moral-orientations
~ 4 ~
Cultural (ethical) Relativism
I also want to add cultural relativism to this paper as it
addresses the international, global, and diversity
issues that are dispersed throughout the chapters. Here is an
excerpt from one of the articles:
“What is ethical relativism? Relativism is the position that all
points of view are equally valid and the
individual determines what is true and relative for them.
Relativism theorizes that truth is different
for different people, not simply that different people believe
different things to be true. While there
are relativists in science and mathematics, ethical relativism is
the most common variety of
relativism. Almost everyone has heard a relativist slogan:
ht for me.
for your culture.
all places.”
Part 2: Discussion Boards

Once you have watched as many videos as you have time for
and you feel that you have a good
understanding of the various topics, please post to the
discussion board your thoughts and feelings of
what you have learned. The more videos you watch and the
more articles you read, the more
discussions you can contribute to. The point of the discussion
boards is to discuss. As amazing as that
may seem, students oftentimes just post to “get the points” and
miss the intellectual opportunity to
exchange ideas and thoughts. I want you to use the discussion
boards to “explore” the concepts in the
videos. You will be using this step to help you write your
paper (explained in the next section).
By taking this step seriously, you will develop your ideas and
opinions and solidify your understanding
and learning of the material. Please remember that this is a
college level course and your benefit from
this assignment is linked directly to your effort. You should
know by this point in your educational
career that you are in charge of your learning.
Part 3: the Paper (see due date in Blackboard)
The paper is the culmination of the above two sections. My
expectation is that you will take a topic of

your choice from what you have done in the above steps and
develop a position paper honing in or
narrowing in on that topic. The structure of this assignment is
that you will decide what your paper
topic is by doing the first 2 steps. The assignment is purposely
vague so that you can develop and write
an opinion that is important to you and not “what does the
teacher want to read?”. Use the discussion
boards to hammer out ideas!!
Your structure of the paper should clearly state the problem or
situation which includes a thesis
statement, give pertinent details, then justify your position. I
am looking for well-written, scholastic
reflection and the development of your position not a summary
of the content from the above steps. Be
sure that you DO NOT just give me a summary paper as that
will not give you very many points.
~ 5 ~
The paper should be approximately 3 pages long but not to
exceed 5, double spaced, 12 point Calibri
font. Use proper citations (APA or MLA) and include a work

cited pages (which does not count towards
the minimum pages required).
Questions to Consider:
You may want to think of some of the answers to the following
questions to help you identify your paper
topic:
1. Do businesses have a moral responsibility to engage in
sustainability practices?
2. Do short-term fixes justify/supersede solving long-term
problems because of today’s economic
world?
3. What will sustainability mean to this generation? To future
generations?
4. Should government (politics) get involved in sustainability
and if so, to what extent?
5. Why is cultural relativism important to today’s business?
6. Why are classical moral reasoning’s important to businesses
today?
_____________________________
I didn’t find a great video on Cultural and Ethical Relativism so
here are some quick-read
snippets and articles if you would like to read them. These
ideas are the basis for the movie
Lost in Translation that you may have seen.

Cultural diversity (defined using examples):
The U.S. - a lot of different cultures live in one country
Europe - different cultures live in a small place together (all
countries are really small)
China - here, there are some postindustrial farmers, while there
are also some really hyper-
modern companies and businesses (same for Russia)
Cultural relativism (defined using examples):
While in America, drinking is a really bad crime, in other
countries it is tolerated even for the
youth. So if a 15-year-old drinks in Austria for instance, it's not
such a bad crime.
For some cultures, competition is really bad because this way
you only think for yourself and not
for others. For the Western world, however, competition is
important for us because this way we
can fulfill our needs and wants. We think society can only work
with competition.
Again, in the USA, pirating movies and other products from

entertainment industry is a really
bad crime. In other countries, it is tolerated or even legal, like
in Switzerland.
~ 6 ~
Article 4: What is ethical relativism?
What is ethical relativism?
Relativism is the position that all points of view are equally
valid and the individual determines
what is true and relative for them. Relativism theorizes that
truth is different for different people,
not simply that different people believe different things to be
true. While there are relativists in
science and mathematics, ethical relativism is the most common
variety of relativism. Almost
everyone has heard a relativist slogan:
What’s right for you may not be what’s right for me.
What’s right for my culture won’t necessarily be what’s right
for your culture.

No moral principles are true for all people at all times and in all
places.
Ethical relativism represents the position that there are no moral
absolutes, no moral right or
wrong. This position would assert that our morals evolve and
change with social norms over a
period of time. This philosophy allows people to mutate
ethically as the culture, knowledge, and
technology change in society. Slavery is a good example of
ethical relativism. Repeatedly the
value of a human being is determined by a combination of
social preferences and patterns,
experience, emotions, and “rules” that seemed to bring about
the most benefit.
What is ethical relativism from a subjective view? Subjective
ethical relativism supports the
view that the truth of moral principles is relative to individuals.
Whatever you believe is right for
you personally is completely up to you to determine. Subjective
relativism allows you to be
sovereign over the principles that dictate how you live your life.

Conventional ethical relativism supports the view that the truth
of moral principles is relative to
cultures. Unlike the subjective view, what is right for you as an
individual is dependant upon
what your particular culture believes is right for you. This view
supports the concept that
whatever culture says is right for you really is right for you.
The culture or society becomes the
highest authority about what is right for each individual within
that society. Conventional
relativism places the individual’s will subordinate to the will of
the cultural majority.
What is ethical relativism from an absolute view? The desire to
have an absolute set of ethics
implies an Absolute Ethics Source which can easily be deduced
as being God. This position
would be opposed to ethical relativism. Instead, the relativist
excludes any religious system
based on absolute morals and would condemn absolute ethics.
God has the power to convey
things to us that are absolute truthful and ethical. Those
absolutes, however, may not be to our
liking or please our subjective tastes. “‘For my thoughts are not
your thoughts, neither are your

ways my ways,’ declares the Lord” (Isaiah 55:8).
Relying on an individual’s or a society’s moral choices is
analogous to using our sense of touch
~ 7 ~
to determine the extent of a child's fever. When a child is sick,
a more precise and consistent
measurement is imperative. Our mental growth and the health of
our soul is also worthy of a
more accurate gauge than subjective human feelings.
Conventional relativism implies that all
you have to do is convince a few of your close friends to engage
in some activity that is viewed
as immoral by the rest of society. Suddenly you have now made
the previously unacceptable
activity ethically and morally correct for you. “There is a way
that seems right to a man, but in
the end it leads to death” (Proverbs 14:12). –
This section copied from:
http://www.allaboutphilosophy.org/ethical-relativism-
faq.htm#sthash.s16xWBDl.dpuf

Article 5: Examples of Cultural Relativism
Jul 6th, 2009
by Anthony Delgado (pastor of a church).
An ethical relativist will consider the moral practices of another
culture to be acceptable to them,
even if their own culture considers it immoral. It is morality
which is relative to the culture. As a
Christian, this raises a lot of issues, but even if we look at it
through the eyes of a cultural
relativist, there are still some gray areas which require
explaining. Consider the following
examples:
1) Dog Eating—In the US this tends to disgust most people.
In many Asian countries, people do, in fact, eat dog. A
cultural relativist would have no problem with this, even if
their own culture would consider this to be cruelty to animals
and therefore immoral. This is ethically relative because dog
eating in Asian countries has no impact on the person in the
US who believes it is immoral.

2) International Slavery—
Let’s say you live in an African village in the 1600’s. Your
tribe recognizes slavery as being an immoral practice.
Another nation does not consider slavery to be immoral, so
they come to your village and haul you off into slavery. This
issue is most certainly not ethically relative since there is a
negative impact on the African tribe from another society which
does not consider the practice
immoral.
3) One more example--
The Inuit live in the northern arctic regions. These are
extremely small tribes, consisting of about
one family. They live under such extreme conditions that they
have difficulty sustaining life. It is
so extreme that any member of the family who cannot perform a
life sustaining duty has to die.

http://einquisitive.com/examples-of-cultural-relativism/
http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1145429
~ 8 ~
Specifically, many of these tribes will send the “Grandfathers”
out of the house into the
wilderness to die when they are no longer strong enough to
hunt. Similarly “Grandmothers” will
be sent out if there are young girls old enough to perform her
duties in the kitchen. It seems harsh
to most westerners, but they believe it to be essential to their
survival. An ethical relativist has no
choice but to acknowledge it as moral, where any Christian
should know otherwise.
http://einquisitive.com/blog/examples-of-cultural-relativism/
Article 6: Can you give me some examples of cultural
relativism?
Best Answer – (Chosen by Voters from an online question
forum)
The treatment and place of women in areas of fundamental
Islam. No vote, required to wear head

to foot robes and so on. This is considered the norm in those
areas and accepted. Therefore that
treatment and position is relative to the society.
Female circumcision is another practice that's accepted by one
culture but not by another. There
have been court cases in the US with the 9th circuit court ruling
that they threat qualified women
for asylum.
The "limits" are whatever a culture accepts. Cultural relativism
states "people should not judge
the behavior of others using the standards of their own culture,
and that each culture must be
analyzed on its own terms"
http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_186168…
"In other words, “right” and “wrong” are culture-specific; what
is considered moral in one
society may be considered immoral in another, and, since no
universal standard of morality
exists, no one has the right to judge another society’s customs."
In short the belief is that there is no right or wrong except as a

culture defines it. There are no
universal rights and wrongs.
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080907154746
AAgpnng
http://einquisitive.com/blog/examples-of-cultural-relativism/
http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861688676/cultural_relativi
sm.html
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080907154746
AAgpnng

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Assignment 7 (30 points)Accounting TheorySpring 2017Course Work Bo.docx