1. Chapter 6 Lesson 1
Levels of Organization
Cells tissues organs
organ systems
AND FINALLY THE ORGANISM

2. Lesson 6.1
Cells – smallest living unit
Tissue – group of cells that function
together to do a job
Organ – group of tissues that function
together to do a job
Organ system – group of organs that
function together to do a job

3. Body Cavities
There are 4 main body cavities:
1. Cranial cavity – contains the
brain
2. Thoracic cavity – chest area
includes
heart, lungs,windpipe, esopha
gus

4. Body Cavities
There are 4 main body cavities:
1. Cranial cavity
2. Thoracic cavity
3. Abdominal cavity –
stomach, spleen, kidne
y, intestines
4. Spinal cavity – holds
the spinal cord

6. There are 11 Organ
Systems in the
Human Body

7. 11 Organ Systems:
1. Circulatory system:
Organs include
heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
Transports substances throughout
the body

9. 2. Immune system:
Defends the body against
bacteria, viruses, and other invaders
Most important part are white blood
cells made in bone marrow
Also includes spleen and tonsils
Subdivision of immune system is the
lymphatic system which filters lymph
from blood through lymph nodes

11. 3. Respiratory system:
Functions to supply body with oxygen
and rid of carbon dioxide
Includes nose, nasal
passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bron
chial tubes and lungs

13. 4. Digestive system:
Functions to digest or mechanically
and chemically break down the food
into usable molecules that are absorbed
into the blood stream
Includes mouth, esophagus, stomach,
small and large intestines, rectum, and
anus

15. 5. Excretory system:
Functions to rid the body of metabolic
waste
Includes sweat glands,
kidneys, urethra,
bladder

16. 6. Nervous system:
Functions to coordinate activities in
the body through electrochemical
means
Includes sense
organs, nerves, brain, and the spinal
cord

18. 7. Endocrine system:
Functions to coordinate activities in
the body through chemical means
Chemicals used are called hormones
Includes endocrine glands such as
pituitary gland, thalamus, thyroid,
parathyroid, etc.

20. 8. Integumentary System:
Functions to provide communication
between body and outside
environment, protects the body from
the world around us
Includes the largest organ of the body
the skin

22. 9. Skeletal System:
Functions to support and protect the
body, produces red and white blood
cells, stores minerals such as calcium
Includes the 206 bones

24. 10. Muscular System:
Functions to provide movement
Two types of muscle include voluntary
and involuntary
Voluntary - have conscious control
Involuntary – unconscious control

26. 11. Reproductive System:
Functions to continue the human race
Heavily regulated by the endocrine
system
Includes many organs such as the
ovaries, uterus, etc.

27. Note: Odds and Ends
Remember:
Arteries pump blood away from the
heart.
Veins pump the blood to the heart.
Arteries and veins end in capillaries.

29. Note: Odds and Ends
Remember:
Kidneys filter the blood removing
excess water and metabolic waste.

30. Diaphragm – muscle that separates
the thoracic and abdominal
cavities. When it contracts and
relaxes it forces air in and out of
lungs.

31. Mouth is where digestion begins
and food is prepared.
Esophagus – muscular tube to
stomach, pushes food along by
wave-like contractions called
peristalsis.
Stomach – stores food
Small intestine – most digestion
and absorption

32. Large intestine – water reclaimed
Rectum – undigested food stored

33. Lesson 6.2 Tissues
There are 4 types of tissues:
1. Epithelial – skin and lines organs
and body parts

34. Lesson 6.2 Tissues
There are 4 types of tissues:
1. Epithelial – skin and lines organs and body parts
2. Connective – holds things
together, includes
bone, tendons, ligaments, blood, fat

35. Lesson 6.2 Tissues
There are 4 types of tissues:
1. Epithelial – skin and lines organs and body parts
2. Connective – holds things together, includes bone, tendons, ligaments, blood, fat
3. Muscle – movement
Three types 2. smooth
1. cardiac of muscle
tissue
3. striated

36. Lesson 6.2 Tissues
There are 4 types of tissues:
1. Epithelial – skin and lines organs and body parts
2. Connective – holds things together, includes bone, tendons, ligaments, blood, fat
3. Muscle – movement
4. Nerve – controls organs and
coordinates functions

37. Lesson 6.2 Tissues
4 types of tissue fluids: (66% is
water)
1. Blood = major body fluid
2. Cerebrospinal fluid = bathes brain
and spinal chord

38. Lesson 6.2 Tissues
4 types of tissue fluids:
1. Blood = major body fluid
2. Cerebrospinal fluid = bathes brain and spinal chord
3. Interstitial fluid = surrounds the cells
in the tissue and is picked up by the
lymphatic system to filter out invaders
4. Lymph fluid = interstitial fluid picked
up by lymphatic system

39. Lesson 6.2 Tissues
Membranes are thin coverings
that line.
4 types of membranes in the body:
1. Serous – line enclosed body cavities
that don’t open to outside
2. Mucous – line cavities that open to the
outside

40. Lesson 6.2 Tissues
Membranes are thin coverings that line.
4 types of membranes in the body:
1. Serous – line enclosed body cavities that don’t open to outside
2. Mucous – line cavities that open to the outside
3. Cutaneous – skin
4. Synovial – line the synovial joints
(like knee)

41. Lesson 6.2 Tissues
Matrix – substance between
the cells
Note: Tissues are made of individual
cells and the matrix these cells produce
which is found between the cells.
Examples of tissues with matrix:
cartilage, bone, and blood (plasma)

42. Lesson 6.2 Tissues
Matrix – substance between the cells
Note: Tissues are made of individual cells and the matrix these cells produce which is found between
the cells.
Ex. Bone is a connective tissue made of
bone cells such as osteoblast and
osteocytes that lay down a matrix of
minerals such as calcium and protein
fibers called collagen.

43. Bone Tissue
Bone cell
matrix
Osteon

44. Lesson 6.2 Tissues
Vestigial organs are organs that we
do not understand their functions.
Evolutionist once claimed these were
organs no longer needed.
Ex. Parathyroid, appendix
The list of vestigial organs
in humans has shrunk
from 180 in 1890 to
0 in 1999.

45. Two vestigial organs and their known
functions:
Appendix – known immune system
function
Parathyroid – calcium regulation in
blood and bones