the leadership of Hosni Mubarak by: RJA April 20, 2012

1. Muhammad Hosni
Sayyid Mubarak?

2. Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak
(Arabic: , Egyptian Arabic
pronunciation: [mæˈħæmːæd ˈħosni ˈsæjːed
moˈbɑːɾˤɑk],
Muḥammad Ḥusnī Sayyid Mubārak;
born
May 4, 1928)
is a former Egyptian
He served as the
from .

3. Personal details
Upon completion of high school, he joined
the , where he
received a in Military
Sciences in 1949. On 2 February 1949,
Mubarak left the Military Academy and
joined the Air Force Academy, gaining his
commission as a on 13 March
1950 and eventually receiving a Bachelor's
Degree in Aviation Sciences. Hosni Mubarak
is married to , and has
two sons: , and .

4. President of Egypt
Following the assassination
of in October, 1981
by a Jihad cell in the military led by
Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli, Hosni
Mubarak became the fourth of
, and the Chairman of
the
He was the longest serving President of
Egypt, his term lasting 29 years.

5. According to the BBC, Mubarak has survived six
assassination attempts. In June 1995 there was
an alleged assassination attempt involving
noxious gases and while
he was in for a conference of
the .Upon return
Mubarak is said to have authorized bombings
on , which by 1999 saw
20,000 persons placed in detention related to the
revolutionary Islamic organizations. He was also
reportedly injured by a knife-wielding assailant
in in September 1999.

6. Stance on the invasion of Iraq in 2003

7. Changing economic scene
In July 2004, Mubarak accepted the resignation of Prime
Minister and most of the cabinet He then appointed
as the new Prime Minister. The new cabinet was
generally viewed with optimism. Economic conditions were starting
to improve considerably after a period of stagnation. The new
cabinet headed by Ahmed Nazif had some success in overcoming
the grim economic situation. The Egyptian stock market had the
greatest percentage increase of all emerging markets for the fiscal
year 2004/2005. However, unemployment persisted and Mubarak
came under criticism for favoring big business and privatization as
opposed to workers' rights. All this was a consequence of the wide
use of privatization policy, by selling shares in most public sector
companies, but it was widely believed that this reserve of previously
nationalized capitals would end soon, leaving Nazif's government
broke

10. The September 2005 ballot was, therefore, a multiple
candidate election rather than a referendum, but the
electoral institutions, and security apparatus remain
under the control of the President. The official state
media, including the three government newspapers
and state television also express views identical to
the official line taken by Mubarak. In the last few
years however, the cabinet headed by Prime
Minister Ahmed Nazif has been somewhat successful
in turning things around. According to the List of
countries by Human Development Index Egypt ranks
111th out of 177 countries, and rates 0.702 on the
index.

11. On 28 July 2005, Mubarak announced his candidacy, as he had
been widely expected to do. The election which was scheduled for
7 September 2005 involved mass rigging activities, according to
civil organizations that observed the elections. Reports have
shown that Mubarak's party used government vehicles to take
public employees to vote for him. Votes were bought for
Mubarak in poor suburbs and rural areas. It was also reported
that thousands of illegal votes were allowed for Mubarak from
citizens who were not registered to vote. On 8 September
2005, , a dissident and candidate for the
("Tomorrow party"), contested the election results, and
demanded a repeat of the election.

12. In a move widely seen as political persecution, Nour was
convicted of forgery and sentenced to five years at hard labor
on 24 December 2005. On the day of Nour's guilty verdict and
sentencing, the released the
following statement denouncing the government's action:
"The United States is deeply troubled by the conviction today of
Egyptian politician Ayman Nour by an Egyptian court. The
conviction of Dr. Nour, the runner-up in Egypt's 2005
presidential elections, calls into question Egypt's commitment
to democracy, freedom and the rule of law. We are also
disturbed by reports that Mr. Nour's health has seriously
declined due to the on which he has embarked in
protest of the conditions of his trial and detention. The United
States calls upon the Egyptian government to act under the laws
of Egypt in the spirit of its professed desire for increased
political openness and dialogue within Egyptian society, and out
of humanitarian concern, to release Mr. Nour from detention."

13. State corruption during Mubarak's presidency
State corruption during
Mubarak's presidency
While in office, political corruption in the
Mubarak administration's Ministry of Interior
rose dramatically, due to the increased power
over the institutional system that is necessary
to secure the prolonged presidency. Such
corruption has led to the imprisonment of
political figures and young activists without
trials, illegal undocumented hidden detention
facilities, and rejecting universities, mosques,
newspapers staff members based on political
inclination

14. On a personnel level each individual officer is allowed to violate
citizens' privacy in his area using unconditioned arrests due to
the emergency law. In 2005 Freedom House, a non-governmental
organization that conduct research into democracy, reported that
the Egyptian governments, under Mubarak expanded
bureaucratic regulations, registration requirements, and other
controls that feed corruption.
Whenever Egyptians face such controls, money is what ultimately
triggers the requisite signature or relevant approval. Compounding
the normal bureaucratic culture is the state ownership of many or
most of the primary economic levers – banking and financial
institutions, tourism, oil, the Suez Canal, manufacturing, the media,
and so on. Furthermore, government employees receive insufficient
pay, while a decreasing minority of Egyptians achieve increasingly
vast wealth, thus creating a growing income gap between the classes
and causing the supposed middle class to be squeezed to the
smallest minority between the rich and the poor.

16. Emergency law rule
Egypt is a
republic The law sharply
under (Law circumscribes any non-
No. 162 of 1958) and has governmental political
been since 1967, except for activity: street
an 18-month break in 1980s demonstrations, non-
(which ended with the approved political
assassination of Anwar organizations, and
Sadat). Under the law, unregistered financial
police powers are donations are formally
extended, constitutional banned.
rights suspended and
censorship is legalized

18. Presidential succession
Pro-democracy
advocates in Egypt
argue that this goes
against the
principles of
democracy, which
include a Gamal Mubarak, son of
Hosni Mubarak
citizen's right to a
fair trial and In 2009, US Ambassador
their right to vote for Margaret Scobey reported
whichever candidate uncertainty regarding
presidential succession, stating
and/or party they "Despite incessant whispered
deem fit to run their discussions,
country.

19. “no one in Egypt has any Mubarak's ideal of a strong but
certainty about who will fair leader would seem to
eventually succeed discount Gamal Mubarak to
Mubarak nor under what some degree, given Gamal's
circumstances.“ She listed lack of military experience, and
likely candidates, saying,
may explain Mubarak's hands
"The most likely
off approach to the succession
contender is presidential
question." President Mubarak
son Gamal
Mubarak (whose profile
and his son denied this, "saying
was ever-increasing at the [that] a multi-candidate
ruling party, until that electoral system introduced in
party collapsed during The 2005 has made the political
Egyptian Revolution of process more transparent.
2011

20. journalist Abiodun Awolaja
described a would-be succession by Gamal Mubarak
as a "hereditary pseudo-monarchy". Ambassador
Scobey summarised Mubarak's vision of the
presidential succession, stating, "Indeed, he seems to
be trusting to God and the ubiquitous military and
civilian security services to ensure an orderly
transition.“ The National Democratic Party of Egypt
continued to state that Hosni Mubarak was to be the
party's only candidate to the 2011 Presedential
Elections. Mubarak declared on 1 February 2011 that
he had no intention to run in the presidential race at
the end of 2011.

21. Israeli–Palestinian
. When this declaration failed to
ease the protests, Mubarak's vice conflict
president stated that Gamal Hosni Mubarak is generally
Mubarak, the son, will not run supportive of Israel. As he
for president. With the has been involved
escalation of the demonstration intensely in the Arab
and the fall of Mubarak, a former League, he has supported
influential figure in the National Arab efforts to achieve a
Democratic Party Hamdy El- lasting peace in the region.
Sayed, claimed that Gamal The current position of the
Mubarak intended to forcibly League is that which was
take over his father's position, endorsed at the Beirut
assisted in that by the then Summit, on 28 March
Interior Minister, Habib El-Adly 2002. At the summit the
league adopted the Arab
Peace Initiative,

22. a Saudi-inspired peace plan
for the . The Peace Initiative was
The initiative offered full again endorsed at 2007 in
normalization of the the . In July
relations with Israel. In
2007, the Arab League
exchange, Israel was
demanded to withdraw from sent a mission, consisting
all , of the and
including the , Egyptian foreign
to recognize an ministers, to Israel to
independent promote the initiative.
in the and
the with East
Jerusalem as its capital, as
well as a "just solution" for
the .

23. The agreement required Hamas to end
rocket attacks on Israel and to enforce
1 September 2010. During
the lull throughout Gaza. In exchange,
Middle East negotiations,
Mubarak and Prime
Hamas expected the blockade to end,
Minister Benjamin commerce in Gaza to resume, and truck
Netanyahu of Israel look at
their watches to see if it is shipments to be restored to 2005 levels,
officially sunset; during
Ramadan, Muslims fast which was between 500 and 600 trucks
until sunset.
per day. Israel tied easing of the
blockade to a reduction in rocket fire and
gradually re-opened supply lines and
permitted around 90 daily truck
shipments to enter Gaza, up from around
70 per day. Hamas criticized Israel for its
continued blockade while Israel accused
Hamas of continued weapons smuggling
via tunnels to Egypt and pointed to
continued rocket attacks.

24. However, when conflict again
ensued during the ,
Egypt's foreign minister stated that
Hamas had brought it upon itself.
In 2009, Mubarak's government
banned the
, which has criticised his
lack of action against Israel.

25. Revolution and Resignation
Massive protests centered on Cairo'sTahrir Square led to
Mubarak's resignation in February 2011.

26. Mass protests against Mubarak and his regime erupted in
Cairo and other Egyptian cities on 25 January 2011. On 1
February, Mubarak announced he would not contest
the due in September. He also promised
constitutional reform. This did not satisfy the majority of
protesters as they expected Mubarak to depart
immediately. The demonstrations continued and on 2
February, violent clashes occurred between pro-Mubarak
and anti-Mubarak protestors.
On 10 February, contrary to rumors, Mubarak asserted that
he would not resign until the September election, though he
would be delegating responsibilities to Vice President Omar
. The next day, Suleiman announced that Mubarak
had resigned.The announcement sparked cheers, flag-
waving, and celebrations from protesters in Egypt after
Mubarak's announcement of resignation. Discussions began
about the nation's future direction.

27. PROTEST
On 25 January 2011, protests against Mubarak and his
government erupted in Cairo and around Egypt calling for
Mubarak's resignation. The group protesting
in 's was so large they could be seen
from space as they rallied Mubarak's resignation, chanting
anti-Mubarak slogans. Mubarak stated in a speech that he
will not leave and will die on Egyptian soil. Opposition
leader paid no attention to
Mubarak's remarks and labeled it as a trick for Mubarak
to stay in power. In a state televised broadcast on 1
February 2011, Mubarak announced that he would not
seek re-election in September but would like to finish his
current term and promised constitutional reform.

28. This compromise was not REMARKS MADE
acceptable for the President Mahmoud
Ahmadenijad of Iran supported
protestors and violent
Egypt during the Islamic
demonstrations occurred in revolution anniversary. He said
front of the Presidential that "there is a new Middle East
Palace where pro- and anti- being born". He also warned
Egyptians to beware
Mubarak protestors
of America. President Barack
clashed. On 11 February, Obama made a few remarks on
Vice President Omar the Egyptian revolt. "It was the
Suleiman announced the moral force of non-violence that
resignation of Mubarak and bent the arc of history toward
justice once more," said President
that power would be Obama. "Today belongs to the
turned over to the Egyptian people of Egypt." He also said that
military the United States "will continue to
be a friend and partner (of Egypt).

29. POST-RESIGNATION
Following his resignation,
Mubarak did not make any On 28 February 2011, the
media appearances. With the General Prosecutor of Egypt
exception of family and a issued an order prohibiting
close circle of aides, he Mubarak and his family from
reportedly refused to talk to leaving Egypt. It was reported
anyone, even his supporters. that the former president was
His health was speculated to
be rapidly deteriorating with
in contact with his lawyer in
some reports even alleging case of possible criminal
him to be in a coma. Most charges against him. As a
sources claim that he is no result, Mubarak and his family
longer interested in had been under house arrest at
performing any duties and a presidential palace in the Red
wants to "die in Sharm El- Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh.
Sheikh."

30. On 13 April, a prosecutor originally appointed by
Mubarak ordered the former president and both his
sons to be detained for 15 days of questioning about
allegations of corruption and abuse of power amidst
growing suspicion that the Egyptian military was
more aligned with the Mubaraks than with the
revolution. Gamal and Alaa were jailed in Tora
Prison, while state television reported that Mubarak
was in police custody in a hospital near his residence
following a heart attack.

32. On 28 May 2011, a Cairo administrative court found him
guilty of damaging the national economy during the
protests by shutting down the Internet and telephone
services. He was fined LE200 million (about US$33.6
million), which the court ordered he must pay from his
personal assets. This was the first court ruling against
Mubarak, who will next have to answer to the murder
charges.
Hosni Mubarak and his two sons Ala'a and Gamal, will
stand trial on August 3, 2011 at the North Cairo criminal
court.The charges are corruption and killing protestors
during the mass movement to oust him according to
Egypt's Middle East News Agency. Mubarak could be
charged with pre-mediated killing and could face the
death penalty if found guilty

33. H e a l t h
On 12 April 2011, it was
Mubarak was reportedly
reported that Mubarak had
depressed, refused to take
been hospitalized after
medications, and was
suffering a heart attack during
slipping in and out of
questioning over possible
consciousness.
corruption charges
Mubarak wants to be left
In June 2011, Mubarak's lawyer
alone and die in his
Farid el-Deeb disclosed that his
homeland
client "has stomach cancer, and
Mubarak was writing his the cancer is growing."[76]
memoirs, stating that he was
in a state of almost complete Mubarak had undergone
unconsciousness surgery for the condition in
Germany the year prior and
also suffers from circulatory
Mubarak was near death and in problems with an irregular
a coma heart beat

34. Wealth and allegations of personal corruption
experts believed the personal
wealth of Mubarak and his family to
be between US$40 billion and
$70 billion founded on military
contracts made during his time as
an air force officer
Britain's Guardian newspaper
also reported that Mubarak and
his family might be worth up to
$70 billion due to corruption,
kickbacks and legitimate
business activities. The money
was said to be spread out in
various bank accounts at home
and abroad, including
Switzerland and Britain, and
also invested in foreign
property.

35. The Prosecutor General also ordered the Egyptian
Foreign Minster to communicate this to other
countries where Mubarak and his family could have
assets. This order came two days after Egyptian
newspapers reported that Mubarak filed his financial
statement. The Egyptian regulations mandate
government officials to submit a financial statement
listing his / her total assets and sources of income
during governmental work. On 21 February 2011, the
Egyptian Military Council, which was temporarily
given the presidential authorities following the 25
January 2011 Revolution, declared no objection to a
trial of Mubarak on charges of corruption

36. On 23 February 2011, the Egyptian newspaper
Eldostor reported that a "knowledgeable source"
described the order of the Prosecutor General for
freezing Mubarak's assets and the threats of a
legal action as nothing but a signal for Mubarak
to leave Egypt after a number of attempts were
made to encourage him to leave willingly. In
February 2011, Voice of America reported that
Egypt's top prosecutor has ordered a travel ban
and an asset freeze for former President Hosni
Mubarak and his family, as he considers further
action

37. •Chairman of the Non-aligned
Movement
•Re-elected for a fifth term of office
(2005)
•Chairman of the G-15 (1998 & 2002)
•Re-elected for a fourth term of office
(1999)
•Chairman of the Arab Summit since
June (1996)
•Chairman of the OAU (1993–94)
•Re-elected for a third term of office
(1993)
•Chairman of the OAU (1989–90)
•Re-elected for a second term of office
(1987)
President of the National
Democratic Party (1982)

38. •President of the Republic (1981)
•Vice-President of the National
Democratic Party (NDP) (1979)
•Vice-President of the Arab
Republic of Egypt (1975) Awards
•Promoted to the rank of
Lieutenant General / Air Marshal •Mubarak was awarded
(1974) the Jawaharlal Nehru Award in
•Commander of the Air Force and 1995.
Deputy Minister of Defense (1972) •Honor Star Medal " twice.
•Chief of Staff of the Air Force •Military Training " medal.
(1969) •Military Honor Medal " Knight
•Director of the Air Force Rank from the President of Syria.
Academy (1968) •Honor Star Medal " from the PLO.
•Commander of Cairo West Air Base •Decoration of King Abdul Aziz-
(1964) Excellent Degree" from King Faisal
•Joined Frunze Military Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saoud.
Academy, USSR (1964) Hamayon Merit from Emperor
Lecturer in Air Force Academy Mohamed Reda Bahlawy
(1952–59) [Muhammad Reza Phalavi, Iran

39. A monument to Hosni Mubarak was
erected in 2007
in Xırdalan (Azerbaijan). The
Azerbaijani Musavat party has
advocated the demolition of the statue
in order to avoid idolatry. The
monument was destroyed, and a
statue symbolizing Egypt and Ancient
Egyptian culture was erected instead.