Blood Components and Functions Review

2/9/2023 Annual Review 2
OBJECTIVES
General Objectives
At the end of this class the learners will be able to know about blood and its
components.
Contributory Objectives
At the end of this class the learners will be able to:
 Define blood
 Review the anatomy & Physiology of Hematopoiesis.
 Enlist the components of blood
 Explain the function of blood

Blood is a fluid connective tissue1 that
transports oxygen, nutrients and
essential substance to the cells and
carries away carbon dioxide and other
waste products2.
DEFINITION

COLOR
Oxygenated: Bright Red [ in most of arteries with an exception of pulmonary vein]
Deoxygenated: Dark Red [in most of Veins with an exception of Pulmonary artery]
PH
7.35-7.45
VOLUME
About 5 L
PROPERTIES OF BLOOD

CROSS-SECTION OF BONE
Bone is made up of compact bone,
spongy bone, and bone marrow.
 Compact bone: makes outer layer.
 Spongy bone: found at the ends of
bones and contains red marrow.
Bone marrow: found at center of most
bones with blood vessels.

BONE MARROW
Contains: dedifferentiated
cells/ totipotent cells- stem
cells.
Power to form different blood
cells.

Red bone marrow
It contains blood stem cells that
can become red blood cells,
white blood cells, or platelets.
Yellow bone marrow
It is made mostly of fat
TYPES OF BONE MARROW

SITES OF HEMATOPOESIS
Children: Femur,
Tibia
Adult: Pelvis,
Cranium,
vertebrae and
sternum

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
Parts of
ECF

RED BLOOD
CORPUSCLES
(Erythrocytes)

INTRODUCTION
Non-nucleated cells in the blood.
Known as erythrocytes (erythros =
red).
Red color is due to the presence of the
coloring pigment called hemoglobin

SIZE
Thickness
Centrally thinner & periphery thicker
Diameter
7.2 µ (6.9-7.4 µ)
Surface area
120 sq µ
MORPHOLOGY
2.2 µ
7.2 µ
Shape
Biconcave: Front view
Dumbbell shaped: Lateral view
Surface area: 120 sq. µm.
(square micron meter)

RBC Count: 4-5.5 million/cu mm
(Male-5 million/cubic millimeter; Female-4.5 million/cubic millimeter)
INCREASED RBC COUNT (Polycythemia)
Conditions
•HF (causing low Sp02)
•Congenital heart disease
•Kidneya tumors
•Emphysema
•COPD
•Hypoxia
•CO exposure (r/t smoking)
•Cigarettes Smoking
•Living at a high altitude
•Drug: Anabolic steroids
• Synthetic testosterone
•Erythropoietin
DECREASED RBC COUNT
(Anemia)
Conditions
 Anemia
 Blood loss: acute and chronic
 Malnutrition
 Chronic Inflammation
 Fatigue
 Trouble breathing
 Drug: Chemotherapeutic S/E
Procedure: Phlebotomy
Procedure: BT Following Guidelines of TM
LIFE SPAN: 90-120 days

CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF RBC
1.Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.
2. Transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the
lungs.
3. Buffering action in blood..
4. Determination of blood group

INTRODUCTION
Leuko is derived from Greek word
leukos = white).
Also known as leukocytes is
leucocytes.
Colorless and nucleated cells of blood.
Larger in size than RBC
Granules is present in cytoplasm
Lifespan is hsorter

TYPES OF LEUCOCYTES
WBC Count: 4000-11000/cubic millimeter

S.No. CYTES CYTOPLASMIC
GRANULES
MORPHOLOGY NO. OF
NUCLEUS
DIAMETER
(µm)
CONSTITUENTS LIFE-SPAN
1. NEUTOPHIL
Polymorphonuclear
Fine
transparent
Inactive: Spherical
Active: Amoeba-
like
Multi-lobed
3-5
10-12 50-70% 2-5 days
2. EOSINOPHIL Acidic
granules
Gives pink color
when stained with
eosin
Bi-lobed
Spectacle-
shaped
10-14 2-4% 7-12 days
3. Basophil Large Generally round;
Changed when
migrate
Bi/ tri-lobed 8-10 1-2% 12-15 days
GRANULOCYTES

LYMPHOCYTE
Diameter: 12-15µm
Shape of Nucleus: Oval, Bean
or Kidney- shaped
Counts: 20-30% of WBC
Life span: weeks – few
months
Type: B-cell, T-Cells, NK
MONOCYTE
Diameter: 14-18µm
Shape of Nucleus:
round, oval and
horseshoe, bean or
kidney shaped
Counts: 2-6% of WBC
Life span: 2-5 days
AGRANULOCYTES

FUNCTIONS OF WBC
NEUTROPHILS
 Play an important role in the defense mechanism of the
body.
 Provide the first line of defense against the invading
microorganisms.
 Free cells in the body and wander freely through the tissue

FUNCTIONS OF WBC
EOSINOPHILS
 Play an important role in the defense mechanism of the body against
the parasites.
 Its count increases during allergic diseases like asthma.
 Responsible for detoxification, disintegration and removal of foreign
proteins.

FUNCTIONS OF WBC
BASOPHILS
Play an important role in healing processes.
Its number increases during healing process.
Play an important role in allergy or acute hypersensitivity
reactions (allergy).
Receptors for IgE is present on the basophil membrane.

FUNCTIONS OF WBC
LYMPHOCYTES
 Play an important role in immunity.
 Classified into two categories: T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.
 T lymphocytes are responsible for the development of cellular
immunity and
 B lymphocytes are responsible for the development of humoral
immunity.

FUNCTIONS OF WBC
MONOCYTES
 It provide the first line of defense along with neutrophils.
 Monocytes are the precursors of the tissue macrophages.
 Examples of tissue macrophages are Kupffer cells in liver, alveolar
macrophages in lungs and macrophages in spleen

Formed elements of blood.
Platelets are small colorless, non-nucleated and moderately
refractive bodies.
It is considered to be the fragments of cytoplasm
Avg. lifespan: 10 days (8-11 days)
INTRODUCTION

FUNCTION OF PLATELET
ROLE IN BLOOD
CLOTTING
Contain intrinsic
prothrombin
activator which
helps in formation
of fibrin clot
ROLE IN CLOT
RETRACTION
Cytoplasm contains
contractile protein
(actin, myosin)
which act as clot
retractor.
PREVENT
BLOOD LOSS
Secretes 5HT, causes
constriction of blood
vessels forming
temporary plug
around damaged
capillaries
REPAIR OF
RUPTURED BLOOD
VESSEL
contain Platelet-
derived growth
factor (PDGF)
useful for the
repairment of the
endothelium of
blood vessels
DEFENSE
MECHANISM
destroy foreign
particles by
agglutination

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
Nutritive function
Respiratory function
Excretory function
Transport of hormones and enzymes
Regulation of water balance
Regulation of acid-base balance: act as buffer
Regulation of body temperature
Storage function
Defensive function

THANKYOU

Blood Components and Functions Review

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