Discussion of difficulties in establishing dates in History especially in Civilizations before BC. The date we are trying to pin down is the date for the Exodus by Mosses and the Israelite's from Egypt. Part two of the lecture we will show and discuss the beautiful artwork of the New Kingdom.

1. CLASS FIVE EGYPTIAN
HISTORY - THE NEW
KINGDOM - PART ONE
THE PROBLEM WITH
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
EXAMPLE THE EXODUS –
PART TWO THE
WONDERFUL THINGS OF
EGYPT
Joe Boisvert Adjunct Professor Gulf Coast State
College Fall 2011 and Spring 2012

4. Moses and the Exodus from Egypt
the Problem with Dating the Event

5. Moses and the Exodus
 Moses, the first prophet, was the leader of the
Israelites in the Exodus from Egypt through 40
years of wandering in the Sinai wilderness to
Canaan, and transmitter of the Decalogue and
Torah to the people at Mount Sinai. According
to tradition, he wrote the entire
Pentateuch, except for the last section
describing his death and burial, which was
written by his successor, Joshua.

6. According to the Pentateuch / Torah the
Exodus occurred in 1447 B.C. and since
Ramses was mentioned.
It was assumed that Ramses II was the
oppressive Pharaoh of the Exodus.
Gigantic monuments of Ramses’s time fortified
this view in the eyes of Victorian scholars.
It was assumed that the Exodus must have
occurred during his time (1279-1213 B.C.).
However, there is no historical evidence to
support this view. Nor is there any sign of the
catastrophic period mention in the Pentateuch.
Ramses is also mentioned during the time
when Joseph was vizier. This was hundreds of
years before the Exodus.

7. Rames Battled the Hittites not the
Hykos
 Ramses II battled with the Hittites and almost
lost his life, but so do the Hittites. In reality it
was a stalemate, so they both signed a treaty
 Ramses II ruled to late to fix other historical
events

8. DATE OF THE EXODUS 1446 BC
This date emphasizes the literal interpretation of the biblical numbers in
Exodus 12:40 ("Now the time that the sons of Israel lived in Egypt was
four hundred and thirty years"), Judges 11:26 ("While Israel lived in
Heshbon and its villages, and in Aroer and its villages, and in all the cities
that are on the banks of the Arnon, three hundred years, why did you not
recover them within that time?") and 1 Kings 6:1 ("Now it came about in
the four hundred and eightieth year after the sons of Israel came out of
the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the
month of Ziv which is the second month, that he began to build the house
of the Lord").
Hill and Walton offer the following arguments for an early date:
"1 Kings 6:1 indicates the Exodus occurred 480 years prior to the 4th year
of Solomon's reign. His 4th year is variously dated at 966/960/957
B.C., placing the Exodus at 1446/1440/1437.
First Solomon’s Reign 966 + From Kings 480 = 1446
A Survey of the Old Testament, 108.

9. Analysis of Dates Using Dates
from the Bible and History
966 = 4th full year (actually into the fifth) of Solomon's reign (971-931) when the
Temple was begun
1.+44 yrs = start of David's reign (1010)
1.+40 yrs = start of Saul's reign (1050)
1.+40 yrs = the time from Saul to Jephthah's statement (1050-
1090)
+300 yrs = the time in the land (Jephthah's statement) (1390)
1.+16 yrs = Joshua's leadership (1406)
1.+40 yrs = wilderness wondering (1446)
This matches 1 Kings 6:1 where 966 + 480 = 1446!

11. Exodus Other Dates ???
 This exit from Egypt by the Hyksos probably
included the Israelites as well. The story of the
Exodus is most likely bases on the expulsion of
the Hyksos from Egypt, for there is no other
record of any mass exit from Egypt 1552 BC
 The evidence seems to fit well with Josephus'
account. Although the Egyptians saw the
expulsion of the Hyksos as a great military
victory, the Israelites viewed this as a great
salvation victory for them

12. Time of Exodus From Egypt
Problem with Date of 1447
 There are many Old Testament names that are
recognized in these lists, but there are two
important place-names that effect this study.
 The first is number 78, Joseph-El, which indicates
the tribe of Joseph was already in Canaan before
1481 BC (Redford 1979, 277) which is the 23rd
year of Thutmose's co regency (ANET 1969, 235).
 The second is number 102, Jacob-El, which also
indicates the tribes of Israel were already in
Canaan at this time. A date earlier than 1481 BC is
needed for the Exodus. It may be argued that the
name Israel was not yet used at this time until a
league of 12 tribes was formed.

13. Expulsion of Hyksos – Did Moses Lead
the Jewish People out at this Time??
The great exodus from Egypt according to many
Historians was the expulsion of the Hyksos
around 1570-50 BC Josephus counted the 430
years from Abraham's entrance into Canaan to the
Exodus, and 405 years from the birth of Isaac to
the Exodus
If this date is correct the Exodus was during the
Reign of Ahmose the first Pharaoh of the New
Kingdom. The Hyksos in Egypt during time of
turmoil possible including the ten plagues during
Second Intermediate Period ending with Ahmose.

14. PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS ??:
A. Rameses II:
1. Scholars who hold to a late date of the Exodus (c.
1290-1225 BC) identify Rameses II (c. 1304-1237) as
the Pharaoh of the Exodus
2. In addition the name of the city in Exodus 1:11 is
Rameses
a. It is possible that Rameses II merely took credit for
the city and the biblical reference was modernized3
b. It is possible that the Ramasides was to be identified
with the Hyksos who oppressed Israel and that the city
was called Rameses in their time4

15. Amenhotep II (c. 1436-1410)
1. It is possible that Hatshepsut (1490-1469) may have
been the princess who reared Moses
2. Thutmose III (c. 1490-1436?) ruled as co-regent with
his stepmother until her death for 56 years. This allows
for the time when Moses was in exile in Midian (cf. Acts
7:3; Exodus 2:23)
3. Amenhotep II (c. 1436-1410) may have been the
Pharaoh of the Exodus. Note that the Bible does not say
that he drowned but that he led a battle to the water's
edge.
4. The dream inscription of Tutmose IV (c. 1410-1402?)
may indicate that he was not originally intended to be
Pharaoh. Therefore, his brother would have died in the
plagues5

16. Ahmose I 18th Dynasty First
Pharaoh of the New Kingdom
Tempest Stele was erected by the Pharaoh Ahmose
I (orthodox dates1570-1546 BC) the founder of dynasty
Eighteen and the New Kingdom.
The stele describes the great storm that struck Egypt
during his reign. 'now then ... the gods declared their
discontent. The gods [caused] the sky to come in a
tempest of rain, with darkness in the western region
and the sky being unleashed without [cessation, louder
than] the cries of the masses, more powerful than
[...], [while the rain raged] on the mountains louder than
the noise of the cataract which is at Elephantine.'

18. CLASS 5 – PART TWO
THE THINGS OF THE
NEW KINGDOM
Gulf State College Encore

19. Egyptian Furniture

21. The chariot represents the high level of
engineering sophistication reached by the
Egyptian chariot builders at King Tut's time

22. Formula One-like chariot
 King Tutankhamun, the pharaoh who ruled Egypt
more than 3,300 years ago, rode full speed over the
desert dunes on a Formula One-like
chariot, according to new investigations into the
technical features of the boy king's vehicle
collection.
 Discovered in pieces by British archaeologist
Howard Carter when he entered King Tut's
treasure-packed tomb in 1922, the collection
consisted of two large ceremonial chariots, a
smaller highly decorated one, and three others that
were lighter and made for daily use.
 "They were the Ferrari of antiquity. They boasted an
elegant design and an extremely sophisticated and
astonishingly modern technology.

23. Amazing Engineering in Tut's
Time

The chariot, which is usually on display at the Luxor museum, represents the high
level of engineering sophistication reached by the Egyptian chariot builders at King
Tut's time
 "These vehicles appear to be the first mechanical systems which combine the use of
kinematics, dynamics and lubrication principles
 Further studies, in collaboration at the conservation department of the Egyptian
Museum in Cairo, showed the unique interplay of form and function in King Tut's
chariots. These technical underpinnings involve the design of the wheels, the
naves, the bearings, and the pole between the cart and the yoke.
 "The wheels feature a real tire, made of a flexible wood rim, which adapts to soil
irregularities. Moreover, the six-spoke wheels are made from elastic wood. This
absorbs uniformly the loads transmitted by soil irregularity, so that the vibrations are
damped by the wheel itself like the intelligent suspensions in modern cars," Rovetta
said.
 The result is a remarkable level of softness and comfort. Even at speeds of about 25
miles per hour on Egypt's irregular soil, King Tut's chariots were efficient and
pleasant to ride.

24. King Tut might have worn some
sort of orthopedic shoes
King Tutankhamen might have worn
some sort of orthopedic shoes
specially designed to cope with his
club foot condition, an investigation
into the pharaoh's footwear has
suggested.
Published in the book, "Tutankhamen
Footwear: Studies of Ancient Egyptian
Footwear," the research is the first
detailed analysis of the 3,300-year-old
footwear since King Tut‘s mummy and
treasure-packed tomb were discovered
by Howard Carter in 1922.

25. Heart Issues In Ancient Egypt
He and several other researchers used CT
scans, a type of X-ray, on 22 mummies
kept in the Egyptian National Museum of
Antiquities in Cairo. The subjects were from
1981 B.C. to 334 A.D. Half were thought to
be over 45 when they died, and average
lifespan was under 40 back then.
Sixteen mummies had heart and blood
vessel tissue to analyze. Definite or
probable hardening of the arteries was
seen in nine.

26. One mummy had evidence of a possible
heart attack but scientists don't know if it
was fatal
. They can not tell how much these people weighed -- mummification dehydrates
the body.
Of those whose identities could be determined, all were of high social status, and
many served in the court of the Pharaoh or as priests or priestesses.
"Rich people ate meat, and they did salt meat, so maybe they had hypertension
(high blood pressure), but that's speculation," Thompson said.
With modern diets, "we all sort of live in the Pharaoh's court," said another of the
researchers, Dr. Samuel Wann of the Wisconsin Heart Hospital in Milwaukee.
The oldest mummy with heart disease signs was Lady Rai, a nursemaid to
Queen Ahmose Nefertari who died around 1530 B.C. -- 200 years before King
Tutankhamun.

27. New Kingdom - Small Gold Cup
Period : New Kingdom
Reign of : Seti II
Dynasty: XIX
Belonged to: Queen Tausert
This small lotus-shaped cup was found among
the other treasures in the archaeological site of
the sanctuary of goddess Bastet in Tell Basta.
The lower base of the cup is adorned with some
hieroglyphic inscriptions indicating the name of
Queen Tausert , the consort of Seti II , who
dedicated this cup to the goddess . This cup is
presented as an offering to the goddess since
lotus was believed to be the sign for eternal
life in ancient Egypt .

28. Egyptians believed in a soul - Ka
 The Egyptians believed in a soul that
lived on after death, called a ka;
 They believed that providing for the
needs of the ancestors assured safety
and prosperity for the living;
 they believed that the afterlife was
very similar to this life, and so they
ensured that their possessions were
buried with them.
 These beliefs led to elaborate burial
practices, the building of tombs by the
rich and powerful, and of course the
mummification process.

29. Cats First Domesticated in Egypt
 All of our cats today are
descended form
Egyptian wild cats.
 Egyptians loved their
cats, and considered
them to be protectors of
the house. Most cats
did not have names:
they were just called Ta-
Mieuw, or "The
Meower", out of respect
for their privacy.

30. The Egyptians thought a name was magical. Cats
were so spoiled in Egypt, that some even wore
jewelry, such as earrings.
After death, the housecat was mummified and
given a decent burial.
One prince of Egypt, Thutmose, had his little
female cat, "Ta-Miewet", buried with him in a stone
coffin of her own

31. Egyptians; Used Sun clocks and
water clocks.
Sun clocks were formed by means of the construction of
Obelisks, tapering monuments. The clock worked much like a
sundial, by watching the moving shadows throughout the day. By doing
this, the Egyptians were able to divide the day into
morning, afternoon, and night. This invention also led to the discovery
of the longest and shortest years, because when seen at
noon, depending on the time of year, the shadow would be longer, or
shorter.
Water clocks were some of the earliest clocks used, but didn’t
require the observation of celestial bodies. The earliest one was found
in the tomb of the pharaoh Amenhotep I. Water Clocks were like pots
made of stones, with long slanting sides that allowed water to drip
down at a constant rate through a small hole in the bottom.

32. The End Class Five