05 1003chap1

BAB 1
SEJARAH AWAL MALAYSIA:
SEJARAH DAN POLITIK
CHAPTER 1
MALAYSIAN EARLY HISTORY:
HISTORY AND POLITICS

© Copyright Reserved 2003 2
CHAPTER 1: MALAYSIAN EARLY HISTORY
LAN 1003: MALAYSIAN STUDIES
At the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
· Comprehend the origin existence and the culture growth of Prehistoric societies:
Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Iron.
· Comprehend the political growth of Malacca Sultanate and the climax of its existence.
· Identify the factors that contribute to the strength of Malacca Sultanate.
· Identify the factors that causing the downfall of Malacca Sultanate.
· Learn from the colonisation period: Portugal, Dutch, British and Japan.
Objectives
Objektif
Pada akhir bab ini, para pelajar akan dapat:
· Memahami asal-usul kewujudan dan perkembangan kebudayaan masyarakat zaman
Prasejarah: Paliolitik, Mesolitik, Neolitik dan Logam.
· Memahami perkembangan politik Kesultanan Melayu Melaka dan keagongan
sepanjang tempoh kewujudannya.
· Mengenalpasti faktor-faktor yang menyumbang kepada kekuatan Kesultanan Melayu
Melaka.
· Mengenalpasti faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kejatuhan Kesultanan Melayu
Melaka.
· Mempelajari zaman penjajahan kuasa-kuasa asing seperti Portugis, Belanda, British
dan Jepun.

1.1 Zaman Prasejarah
· Sejarah membuktikan bahawa negara kita bukanlah sebuah negara yang baru. Di beberapa
kawasan di negara kita telah pernah didiami oleh manusia sejak zaman batu lagi.
· Untuk tahun-tahun selanjutnya telah wujud pula kawasan-kawasan perdagangan dan
seterusnya kerajaan-kerajaan yang terkenal.
· Petempatan awal manusia telah bermula di gua, di kawasan persisiran pantai dan pedalaman.
Pada ketika itu manusia menyara hidup dengan memburu binatang, menangkap ikan dan
memungut hasil hutan.
· Setelah pandai membina petempatan kekal, mereka mula bercucuk tanam dan mencipta
peralatan yang lebih baik untuk kegunaan mereka.
· Sejarah awal penduduk negara ini tercatat dengan penemuan satu tengkorak manusia yang
telah tertanam sedalam 12 kaki di Gua Niah, Sarawak. Tengkorak itu dianggarkan telah
tertanam sejak lebih kurang 40,000 tahun lalu.
· Penemuan ini secara langsung mencerminkan bahawa negara kita telah dihuni oleh manusia
sejak berpuluh ribu tahun lalu.
· Dari segi pembahagian fasa-fasa sejarah purba, negara kita telah melalui empat fasa utama
iaitu zaman Paleolitik, zaman Mesolitik, zaman Neolitik dan zaman Logam.
1.1 Prehistoric Period
· History has proven that our country is not a relatively recent nation. Man had populated
several areas in our country since the Stone Age period.
· In the coming years, trade areas and infamous governments began to exist in the country.
· Man’s early settlements started in caves, near the coastal and in rural areas. At that time,
man survived by hunting animals for food, catching fish and picking natural food resources
from the forest.
· After being able to build permanent settlements, man began to cultivate plants and invent
better equipment for their survival.
· The history of the country’s early inhabitants were recorded by the finding of a human skull
that was buried about 12 feet deep in Niah Cave, Sarawak. It was estimated that the skull had
been buried there for about 40000 years.
· This finding reflects that man had inhibited our country for thousands of years
· In terms of the divisions of ancient historic phases, our country has gone through four main
phases or periods, which are Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Copper.

1.1.1 Zaman Paleolitik
· Hasil kajian geologi mendapati bahawa beribu-ribu tahun dahulu cuaca dunia sangat sejuk. Air
laut dan air sungai menjadi surut akibat cuaca yang terlalu sejuk. Kesannya kawasan darat
menjadi lebih luas daripada laut.
· Zaman ini dikatakan sebagai Zaman Air Batu dan manusia yang hidup di Kepulauan Melayu
ketika itu dikenali sebagai orang Paleolitik atau orang zaman Batu Awal.
Tempoh · 40 000 atau 35 000 tahun S.M hingga 11 000 tahun S.M.
Petempatan · Kota Tampan (Perak), Gua Niah (Sarawak) dan Tingkayu (Sabah).
Alatan · Teknologi manusia purba berupa penciptaan alatan batu yang dibuat dari
anak-anak batu sungai dan batu repihan.
· Alatan batu ini dikenali sebagai alat pemotong batu genggam.
· Selain daripada alatan batu, orang paleolitik juga dipercayai menggunakan
alat-alat yang dibuat daripada kayu dan buluh.
Aktiviti · Menangkap ikan, memburu binatang dan mengumpul hasil hutan untuk
mengisi keperluan makanan masing-masing.
Jadual 1.1
1.1.1 Palaeolithic Period
· Findings from geological research have proven that thousand years ago, the world’s
temperature was extremely cold. The level of sea and river water had become very low due to
the condition. As a result, land area became bigger than the sea area.
· This period is known as the ice age period and the people who lived in the Malay Isles at that
time were called Palaeolithic people or early Stone Age people.
Duration · 40000 or 35000 B.C until 11000 B.C.
Location · Kota Tampan (Perak), Gua Niah (Sarawak) and Tingkayu (Sabah)
Tools · Ancient human technology was about the invention of stone equipment that
was made from river stones, pebbles and parts of broken stones.
· The stone equipment is known as clutch-cutters made of stone.
· Besides equipments that were made from stone, the Palaeolithic people
were also believed to be using equipments that were made from wood and
bamboo.
Activities · Catching fish, hunting animals and collecting food sources from the forest.
Table 1.1

Rajah 1.1: Alatan batu Zaman Paleolitik
Diagram 1.1: Tool equipment in the Palaeolithic Era
Rajah 1.2: Antara petempatan orang Paleolitik
Diagram 1.2: Settlements of Palaeolithic people

1.1.2 Zaman Mesolitik
· Apabila air batu menjadi cair, air laut dan air sungai mulai membanjiri kawasan daratan.
Hasilnya wujudlah Pentas Sunda, Selat Melaka, Laut China Selatan dan Laut Sulu seperti
yang kita kenali hari ini.
· Perubahan bentuk muka bumi ini mempengaruhi petempatan dan corak hidup penduduknya.
Penciptaan peralatan batu pada zaman ini lebih bermutu berbanding dengan zaman
sebelumnya.
· Zaman ini dikenali sebagai Zaman Batu Pertengahan atau Mesolitik atau Hoabinhian / Hobinh
(sempena nama sebuah petempatan di Vietnam).
· Terdapat bukti di Thailand dimana masyarakat Hoabinhian menjalankan aktiviti bercucuk
taman.
· Dipercayai pada zaman ini, manusia telah tahu mengggunakan perahu terutama yang tinggal
di tepi sungai dan laut. Maka mungkin terdapat perhubungan diantara masyarakat di kawasan
berbeza.
· Orang-orang asli Negrito dan Senoi merupakan keturunan orang Mesolitik.
1.1.2 Mesolithic Period
· When icebergs melted, the water levels rose and water covered land areas and as a result, the
Sunda Straits, Malacca Straits, South China Sea and Sulu Sea, as what we see them today,
came into existence.
· The change in land structure influenced human lifestyle and settlements. The invention of
equipments made from stone progressed and became advanced as compared to the previous
period.
· This period is known as the Mid Stone Age or Mesolithic Age or Hoabinhian / Hobinh (taken
from a settlement in Vietnam).
· There is a prove in Thailand where Hoabinhian society had an activity like growing plant.
· It is believed that during this period, man knew how to use the boat, especially those who
lived nearby the river and the sea. Thus, there might be a communication took place within
the different societies.
· The Negrito and Senoi aborigines are the descendants of Mesolithic people.
Rajah 1.3: Alatan batu Zaman Neolitik
Diagram 1.3: Tool equipment in the Neolithic Era

Tempoh · 11, 000 tahun S.M. hingga 5000 tahun S.M.
Petempatan · Tertumpu di kawasan gua batu kapur dan batu perlindungan, pesisiran
pantai dan tebing sungai.
· Tapak-tapak yang dikenal pasti di negara ini adalah di Gua Cha (Kelantan),
Gua Kechil (Pahang), Bukit Chuping (Perlis), Gua Debu dan Guar Kepah
(Kedah), Jenderam Hilir (Selangor), Gua Madai, Gua Gomantong dan Gua
Tengkorak (Sabah) dan Gua Niah (Sarawak).
Alatan · Teknologi peralatan masih berasaskan batu tetapi lebih maju.
· Penumbuk lesung batu, kapak, batu penggiling dan batu penggali. Di akhir
zaman Mesolitik, alat-alat tembikar telah ditemui.
Aktiviti · Menangkap ikan, memburu binatang, memungut hasil laut, sungai dan
hutan.
Jadual 1.2
Duration · 11000 B.C. to 5000 B.C.
Location · Mainly focused in areas such as limestone caves, rock areas, coastal areas
and riversides.
· Settlements identified in this country are Gua Cha (Kelantan), Gua Kechil
(Pahang), Bukit Chuping (Perlis), Gua Debu and Guar Kepah (Kedah),
Jenderam Hilir (Selangor), Gua Madai, Gua Gomantong and Gua
Tengkorak (Sabah) and Gua Niah (Sarawak).
Tools · Technology was still based on stones and pebbles however, the design of the
equipments were more advanced.
· Stone mortar, spears, axes etc. Pottery-based equipments were found at the
end of the Mesolithic period.
Activities · Fishing, animal hunting and also collecting sea, river and forest’s food
resources.
Table 1.2
Rajah 1.4: Antara petempatan orang Mesolitik / Diagram 1.4: Settlements of Mesolithic people

1.1.3 Zaman Neolitik
· Perubahan corak hidup manusia ini menjadikan kehidupan mereka lebih teratur. Sejarawan
menamakan zaman ini sebagai Neolitik.
Tempoh · 5000 hingga 2500 tahun S.M.
Petempatan · Gua Cha dan Gua Musang (Kelantan), Gua Kechil (Pahang), Guar Kepah
(Kedah), Jenderam Hilir (Selangor), Gua Madai dan Gua Gomantong
(Sabah), Gua Tengkorak dan Gua Niah (Sarawak).
Alatan · Alatan batu yang telah dimodenkan seperti gelang tangan batu, lesung dan
penumbuk batu.
· Sudah pandai mencipta alat tembikar seperti periuk, belanga, pinggan,
mangkuk berkaki kaki periuk dan bekas air dihiasi dengan ukiran tertentu
yang menunjukkan kemajuan hidup manusia ketika itu.
· Terdapat alatan dari tulang dan cengkerang seperti perhiasan leher.
Aktiviti · Sudah berinteraksi sesama sendiri melalui jalan air dan jalan darat.
· Masih lagi menjalankan kegiatan menangkap ikan, memungut hasil hutan
dan berburu binatang.
· Pertanian tanaman jenis bijirin (padi dan jagung).
· Perahu lebih baik dibina menggiatkan aktiviti perdagangan.
Jadual 1.3
1.1.3 Neolithic Period
· The change in the inhabitants’ lifestyle had made their life more organised. Historians refer
to this period as the Neolithic period.
Duration · 5000 to 2500 B.C.
Location · Gua Cha dan Gua Musang (Kelantan), Gua Kechil (Pahang), Guar Kepah
(Kedah), Jenderam Hilir (Selangor), Gua Madai dan Gua Gomantong
(Sabah), Gua Tengkorak dan Gua Niah (Sarawak).
Tools · Modified stone tools like stone bangle as well as mortar.
· People of this period already had the knowledge to invent pottery-based
materials such as “pots, pans and water containers. They are also said to
be having interactions with others through land and water access.
· There are tools from bones and seashells like neck ornaments.
Activities · Still depended on activities such as fish catching, animal hunting and also
collecting sea, river and forest’s food resources.
· Traditional boat is made to encourage trade activities.
Table 1.3

Rajah 1.5: Alatan batu Zaman Neolitik
Diagram 1.5: Tool equipment in the Neolithic Era
Rajah 1.6: Antara petempatan orang Neolitik
Diagram 1.6: Settlements of Neolithic people

1.1.4 Zaman Besi
· Apabila manusia mengenali logam, mereka mula mencipta peralatan yang diperbuat
daripada logam. Zaman ini dinamakan Zaman Logam. Zaman ini juga dikenali sebagai
Zaman Gangsa Besi.
· Penduduk semakin ramai pada zaman Logam ini dan kehidupan mereka lebih teratur dan
tinggal tetap di satu tempat serta mempunyai adat resam yang tersusun.
1.1.4 Iron Age
· When humans were exposed to copper, they started to invent equipments that are made
from it. This period is known as the Copper age or Copper-Steel Age.
· The number of people increased and they have a better and more organised lifestyle and
they also have their own form of culture.
Rajah 1.7: Alatan besi Zaman Logam
Diagram 1.7: Steel equipment in the Iron Era
Rajah 1.8: Antara petempatan orang Zaman Logam
Diagram 1.8: Settlements of Iron Period people

Tempoh · Sejak 2500 tahun S.M.
Petempatan · Sungai Lang, Kelang dan Sungai Langat (Selangor), Kampung Pencu dan
Sungai Muar (Johor), Gua Harimau (Perak), Sungai Tembeling (Pahang),
Batu Buruk dan Sungai Terengganu (Terengganu), Tempasuk (Sabah)
Alatan · Alat-alat gangsa yang ditemui seperti gendang gangsa, loceng gangsa dan
mangkuk gangsa.
· Alat-alat yang diperbuat daripada besi seperti manik besi, kepala panah besi
dan pisau.
Aktiviti · Masih lagi menjalankan kegiatan menangkap ikan, memungut hasil hutan
dan berburu binatang.
· Petempatan zaman ini mulai berkembang menjadi kerajaan awal di negara
kita seperti Gangga Negara di Perak, Langkasuka berhampiran Patani, Tan
Tan di Terengganu, Chih-Tu di Kelantan dan Kedah Tua di Kedah.
· Mula menjalankan kegiatan perdagangan antara kawasan dan kemudian
mencapai taraf entreport yang menjadi pembuka tirai pada zaman-zaman
yang lebih agung dengan terdirinya kerajaan-kerajaan baru.
Jadual 1.4
Duration · Around 2500 B.C.
Location · Sungai Lang, Kelang dan Sungai Langat (Selangor), Kampung Pencu dan
Sungai Muar (Johor), Gua Harimau (Perak), Sungai Tembeling (Pahang),
Batu Buruk dan Sungai Terengganu (Terengganu), Tempasuk (Sabah)
Tools · Equipments are made from copper such as copper drums, bells and bowls.
· Equipments made from steel are things such as steel knives, arrowheads
and beads.
Activities · Still depended on activities such as fish catching, animal hunting and also
collecting sea, river and forest’s food resources.
· The settlements began to progress into early governments in our country
such as “Gangga Negara in Perak, Langkasuka near Pattani, Tan Tan in
Terengganu, Chih-Tu in Kelantan and Kedah Tua in Kedah.
· Started trading activities between places and some of the settlements in this
Copper age expanded into ports and then achieved “entreport” status
Table 1.4

1.2 Kesultanan Melayu Melaka
· Terdapat beberapa kerajaan di Tanah Melayu sebelum kemunculan Kerajaan Melayu Melaka.
Kekurangan rekod dan bukti menyebabkan kajian yang mendalam tidak dapat dilakukan.
· Maka, Kerajaan Melayu Melaka sering dilihat sebagai permulaan sejarah Malaysia.
1.2.1 Kedatangan Parameswara Ke Melaka
· Pernahkah kamu melawat bandaraya bersejarah Melaka? Melaka adalah asas pembinaan
bangsa dan negara Malaysia. Bagaimanakah negeri Melaka diasaskan? Siapakah pemerintah
yang berjaya menjadikan Melaka sebuah pelabuhan perdagangan yang terpenting di Selat
Melaka selepas Srivijaya dan Majapahit?
· Pengasasan Melaka dikaitkan dengan seorang tokoh yang bernama Parameswara. Iaitu
Putera Raja dari Palembang yang memerintah Srivijaya.
· Siapakah Parameswara dan apakah kaitan beliau dengan negeri Melaka?
· Palembang adalah sebuah kerajaan yang terletak di sebelah timur Sumatera. Palembang
pernah menjadi pusat kerajaan Srivijaya suatu ketika dahulu. Kerajaan ini juga menjadi negeri
dibawah kekuasaan Majapahit.
· Kerajaan Majapahit mula berpecah setelah pentadbirannya kucar-kacir. Ini merupakan
peluang baik bagi Parameswara untuk membebaskan Palembang. Malangnya, Parameswara
gagal dalam usahanya dan terpaksa meninggalkan Palembang kerana Majapahit sangat
marah atas tindakan berani Parameswara itu.
1.2 Malacca Sultanate
· There were several governments before the existence of Malacca Sultanate Government. Lack
of records and proofs made it hard to be analysed in detail.
· Thus, history of Malaysia always begins with the Malacca Sultanate Government.
1.2.1 The Arrival Of Parameswara To Malacca
· Have you ever visited Malacca, the historical city? Malacca is the foundation of the existence
of Malaysia and the Malaysian race. How did Malacca exist? Who was the ruler that
managed to make Malacca became the most important trade centre in the Straits of Malacca
after Srivijaya and Majapahit?
· The foundation of Malacca is associated with an individual named Parameswara, who was a
prince from Palembang the capital city of Srivijaya.
· Who was Parameswara and what were his relations with Malacca?
· Palembang was a state that was located in the east of Sumatera. Palembang was once the
administrative centre for Srivijaya. It had also once been under the reign of Majapahit.
· The Majapahit government started to fall apart due to its disarrayed management. This was a
great opportunity for Parameswara to liberate Palembang. However, Parameswara failed in
his attempt to do so and had to flee Palembang for Majapahit was very enraged by his
attempt and was preparing for an attack.

Rajah 1.9: Empayar Majapahit
Diagram 1.9: The Majapahit Empire

· Parameswara bersama dengan pembesar dan Orang Laut yang taat setia padanya terpaksa
menyelamatkan diri dari buruan orang-orang Majapahit.
· Pada kira-kira tahun 1390, mereka tiba di sebuah pulau yang aman dan tenang. Kedatangan
mereka disambut baik oleh pemerintah pulau itu. Mereka berasa selamat di situ. Pulau itu
bernama Pulau Temasik.
· Malangnya, Temasik juga seperti Palembang. Ini kerana Temasik merupakan sebuah
petempatan yang baik dan boleh berkembang maju sebagai sebuah kerajaan tetapi ia
diperintah oleh Temagi, wakil kerajaan Siam.
· Setelah berada di bumi permai itu, Parameswara amat menyukai Pulau Temasik. Beliau
berhasrat untuk memilikinya. Parameswara telah berbalah dengan Temagi dan akhirnya
Temagi telah terbunuh.
· Kini Temasik berada di dalam genggaman Parameswara.
· Kira-kira tahun 1395, kerajaan Siam telah membuat serangan ke atas Temasik. Ini telah
memaksa Parameswara melarikan diri sekali lagi. Akhirnya mereka tiba di sebuah tempat
bernama Muar.
· Parameswara masih belum rasa selamat lagi untuk membentuk kerajaannya yang baru.
· Sekitar tahun 1399/1400, Parameswara dan pengikutnya bergerak lagi ke utara, melalui
Sening Hujung dan Bertam. Mereka sampai ke sebatang sungai yang jernih dan keadaan
sekitarnya sungguh tenang.
· Parameswara, together with his ministers and his loyal “Sea People” fled Palembang in
order to escape from Majapahit soldiers.
· The year was around 1390, they reached a peaceful island. The ruler of the island gave the
royal welcome. They felt safe there. The name of the island was Temasik.
· However, Temasik was similar to Palembang. This is because Temasik was an excellent
settlement and had the potential of becoming a big and strong government, but unfortunately,
Temagi, a representative from Siamese government, presided over the island.
· After some time on the island, Parameswara fell in love with the island. He desired to own
Temasik. He launched an attack on Temagi, which in the end resulted in the death of the
Siamese representative.
· Now Temasik was in the hands of Parameswara.
· In 1935, the Siamese government attacked Temasik. This had forced Parameswara to once
again flee. Finally Parameswara and his troop arrived at a place named Muar.
· Parameswara still did not feel secure to build his new government.
· Around the year 1399/1400, Parameswara and his followers headed north through Sening
Hujung and Bertam. They arrived at a river in which the water was very clear and the
environment was so peaceful.

· Dari pantai pantai dan muara sungai, kelihatan kapal berulang alik dan dilindungi dengan
bukit-bukau sebagai benteng pertahanan yang amat sesuai untuk didirikan sebuah kota.
· Muaranya terlindung daripada tiupan angin dan ini membolehkan kapal berlabuh dengan
selamat.
· Penduduknya bekerja sebagai nelayan. Pengikut Parameswara mencadangkan supaya
mereka menetap di situ. Tempat itu memang berpotensi untuk maju. Parameswara
menamakan tempat itu sebagai Melaka sempena nama sepohon kayu yang hidup subur di
tebing muara sebatang sungai.
· Parameswara berazam untuk memajukan Melaka daripada sebuah perkampungan nelayan
menjadi sebuah petempatan yang maju dan terkenal. Wawasan beliau itu telah menjadi
kenyataan.
· From the coastal areas and rivers, ships could be seen going back and forth the area. There
were hills that could be used as fortress and this was an excellent condition to construct a
city.
· The river mouth was secluded from wind flow and this enabled ships to anchor safely.
· The citizens were fishermen. Parameswara’s followers suggested that they settle there since
it had a high potential to develop. Parameswara named that place “Malacca” in
commemoration of a tree that lived in fertile soil at the river mouth
· Parameswara was determined to improve Malacca from a fisherman village to an infamous
and advanced settlement. His ambition had become reality.
Rajah 1.10: Perjalanan Parameswara dari Palembang ke Temasik dan ke Muar.
Diagram 1.10: Parameswara’s journey from Palembang to Temasik and then to Muar.

1.2.2 PERKEMBANGAN POLITIK MELAKA
· Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, Melaka berkembang sebagai sebuah empayar besar di
kawasan Kepulauan Melayu. Empayar Melaka terkenal sebagai pusat perdagangan utama,
pusat perkembangan agama Islam, mempunyai tanah jajahan yang luas, dan mempunyai
hubungan dengan kuasa-kuasa besar ketika itu seperti negeri China dan India.
· Kemakmuran Kerajaan Melayu Melaka dapat dilihat dari beberapa segi antaranya Melaka
sebagai pusat perdagangan dan pusat penyebaran agama Islam.
1.2.2 THE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN MELACCA
· In years to come, Malacca had progressed into a big empire in the Malay Isles. The empire
was famous as the prime centre for trade, an Islamic advancement centre, having capacious
territories and having close relationships with powerful empires such as China and India.
· The prosperity of Malacca is obvious by view of several aspects, one of them being, Malacca
as a trade centre and the dissemination centre for Islam.
Rajah 1.11
Diagram 1.11

· Kerajaan Melayu Melaka merupakan sebuah empayar yang mempunyai tamadun yang tinggi.
Dalam sistem pemerintahan negeri, raja adalah ketua negara serta ketua agama Islam dan
ketua tentera.
· Raja akan dibantu oleh pembesar-pembesar iaitu Bendahara, Laksamana, Temenggung,
Penghulu Bendahari dan Syahbandar.
· Sistem pemerintahannya berlandaskan pada dua undang-undang utama iaitu Undang-undang
Melaka dan Undang-undang Laut Melaka.
· The Malacca Sultanate cultivated impressive quality standard of civilization. In the state
administrative system, the king was the leader of the empire and also the leader of the Islamic
religion and the army.
· The ministers, who are known as Principal Minister (Bendahara), Leader of Fleets
(Laksamana), Trade and Security Official (Temenggung), Chief Treasurer (Penghulu
Bendahari) and Harbour Masters (Syahbandar), assist the king in the administrative system.
· The administrative system is based on two main laws, which are the Malacca Laws and the
Malacca Sea/Marine Laws.
Rajah 1.12 / Diagram 1.12
SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN KERAJAAN MELAKA / THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF
MALACCA
Parameswara (1400-1414)
Sultan Megat Iskandar Syah (1414-1424)
Sultan Muhamad Syah (1424-1444)
Sultan Abu Syahid (1444-1445)
Sultan Muzaffar Syah (1445-1456)
Sultan Mansur Syah (1456-1477)
Sultan Alaudin Riayat Syah (1477-1488)
Sultan Mahmud Syah (1488-1510) & (1513-1528)
Sultan Ahmad Syah (1510-1513)

PENTADBIRAN TERSUSUN DAN TERATUR
ORGANISED AND STRUCTURED ADMINISTRATION
The Sultan of Malacca
Leader of the country
Head of religion
Leader of laws
Bendahara
The Advisor of The King
Principal Minister
Deputy of The King
Chief Treasurer Trade & Security Official Leader of Fleets
SULTAN MELAKA
Ketua Negara
Ketua Agama
Ketua Hakim
BENDAHARA
Penasihat Kepada Raja
Menteri Utama
Pemangku Raja
Penghulu Bendahari Temenggung Laksamana

JAWATAN TUGASAN
Bendahara · Menteri utama yang menyamai Perdana Menteri sekarang.
· Penasihat kanan Raja.
· Mesti berketurunan Raja dan talian rapat dengan Raja.
· Boleh bertindak sebagai Ketua Hakim sekiranya ketiadaan Raja.
· Pemilih atau pelantik Raja.
Penghulu Bendahari · Bendahari kerajaan yang mengawal perbendaharaan.
· Memungut cukai dan hasil negeri.
· Menyimpan daftar hamba Raja.
Temenggung · Pelaksana atau ketua undang-undang, peraturan negeri dan
keselamatan.
· Sama taraf dengan Ketua Polis Negara.
· Ketua protokol dalam adat-istiadat.
Laksamana · Pahlawan dalam peperangan terutama di laut.
· Bertanggungjawab memegang pegang kerajaan dalam upacara rasmi.
· Tokoh pertama ialah Hang Tuah semasa pemerintahan Sultan Mansur
Syah.
Jadual 1.5
POSITION TASKS
Bendahara · Head of minister, which equals to the current Prime Minister.
· King First Advisor.
· Must have Royal blood and strong relation with the king.
· Can act as Chief of Judge during the unavailability of the King.
· King appointer
Chief Treasurer
(Penghulu
Bendahari)
· National treasurer who control financial management.
· Collecting tax and national resources.
· Keeping King slaves documentation.
Trade & Security
Official
(Temenggung)
· Execution or Chief of Law, national rules and securities.
· Equals to the National Police Officer.
· Chief of Protocol in adat-istiadat.
Leader of Fleets
(Laksamana)
· Warrior in the battle especially in the sea.
· Responsible to handle the government in the official occasion.
· Major example is Hang Tuah during the ruling of Sultan Mansur Syah.
Table 1.5

1.2.3 FAKTOR-FAKTOR MEMPENGARUHI PERKEMBANGAN MELAKA
· Hubungan dengan negeri China telah memberi kesan positif kepada perkembangan Melaka
dari segi ekonomi dan politik.
· Dari segi politik, Melaka mendapat perlindungan daripada Negeri China, dan dengan demikian
terkenal daripada ancaman kerajaan Siam.
· Kemakmuran dan keagungan Kerajaan Melayu Melaka juga disokong oleh pentadbiran yang
cekap, sehingga dapat mewujudkan keadaan aman dan terkawal.
· Adanya menteri yang menjaga hal ehwal pengurusan perdagangan dan pelabuhan (iaitu
Syahbandar); dan sistem ketenteraan yang kuat menjamin pentadbiran yang teratur.
· Di samping itu, penggunaan sistem mata wang dalam urusan perdagangan dapat melicinkan
lagi urusan dan perkembangan perdagangan.
· Kerajaan Melayu Melaka mempunyai dasar perluasan kuasa ke negeri-negeri lain dengan ini
secara langsung dapat membantu memperluaskan perdagangan dan menghapuskan kegiatan
lanun.
· Kedudukan Melaka sebagai sebuah pusat perdagangan dan penyebaran agama Islam amat
strategik kerana Melaka berada di tengah-tengah jalan perdagangan antara Timur dan Barat.
1.2.3 FACTORS AFFECTING MALACCA PROSPERITY
· The relations with China had brought positive effects to Malacca in terms of politics and
economy.
· In terms of politics, Malacca had the protection from China as it was officially acknowledged
by the empire and thus saved from the Siamese threat and attacks.
· Efficient administration systems had brought peace and prosperity to Malacca.
· The Harbour Masters (Syahbandar) were responsible for the trades accommodations, safety,
storage of trades’ goods and port management while the powerful military system ensured an
organised administration.
· Besides that, the use of a currency system in trade enhanced the trade development.
· The Malacca Sultanate observed the policy of expanding its authority to other states, thus this
helped to improve trade and eliminate the pirate attacks.
· Malacca roles as trading centre and Islamic teaching centre was very strategic since Malacca
is located in the middle of the trading route between the East and the West.
Rajah 1.13: Empayar Melaka / Diagram 1.13: The Empire of Malacca

Rajah 1.14
Diagram 1.14
Perkembangan Melaka
Malacca Prosperity
Pengurusan Pelabuhan &
perdagangan
Trade & Harbour Management Perluasan Kuasa
Power Expendation Policy
Pentadiran Cekap
Well-Organised Administration
Penggunaan Mata Wang
Use of Coins
Hubungan Luar
External Relation

1.2.4 Keruntuhan Empayar Melaka
1.2.4.1 FAKTOR DALAMAN
· Setelah kematian Bendahara Tun Perak, kerajaan Melayu Melaka tidak mempunyai pemimpin
yang cekap. Penggantinya, Bendahara Tun Mutahir merupakan seorang pentadbir yang
lemah. Akibatnya sering berlaku perebutan kuasa.
· Di samping itu, pemerintah pada ketika itu iaitu Sultan Mahmud juga merupakan pemimpin
yang lemah. Beliau dikatakan sebagai seorang sultan yang kurang mengambil berat tentang
pentadbiran.
· Amalan rasuah berleluasa begitu juga dengan perbuatan fitnah-memfitnah.
· Cukai yang tinggi menyebabkan pedagang-pedagang mengalihkan perhatian ke pelabuhan
lain. Keadaan ini telah menyebabkan rakyat berpecah belah dan tidak bersatu padu.
· Ini telah digambarkan dengan pembunuhan Bendahara Tun Mutahir dan Tun Ali atas arahan
Sultan Mahmud kerana fitnah daripada seorang peranakan India, iaitu Kitu dan Raja
Mandaliar.
· Keadaan lebih kritikal apabila Portugis yang diketuai oleh Alfonso d’Albuquerque menyerang
Melaka dan akhirnya jatuh ke tangan Portugis pada tahun 1511.
1.2.4 The Decline Of The Malacca Sultanate
1.2.4.1 Internal Factors
· After the death of Tun Perak (Principal Minister), the Malacca Sultanate’s government did
not have an efficient leader anymore. He was replace by Tun Mutahir who was a weak leader.
As a result, disputes always occurred.
· Besides that, the current sultan of that time, Sultan Mahmud was also a weak leader. He was
described as a person who was not interested in administrative work.
· Slander and bribery was uncontrollable.
· The huge amount of taxes had made traders to divert to other ports. This situation had caused
chaos amongst the residents.
· The unstable situation (slandering) resulted in the murder of Tun Mutahir and Tun Ali under
the command of Sultan Mahmud. Sultan Mahmud was influenced by the slander heaped by
Kitu, who was an Indian-born and Raja Mandaliar.
· The situation got more critical when Portugal, which was lead by Alfonso d’Albuquerque,
attacked Malacca. Malacca finally fell into the clutches of the Portuguese.

Rajah 1.15
Diagram 1.15
Senjata kurang
moden / Old
fashion weapons
Amalan rasuah /
Slander & Bribery
Fitnah orang luar/
Slander by
outsiders
Kelemahan
Sultan / The
Sultan’s weakness
Perbalahan pembesar /
Disagreement amongst the
government officers

1.2.4.2 Faktor Luaran
· Penemuan Tanjung Harapan di selatan Afrika oleh Bartholomeo Diaz pada tahun 1488, yang
telah memudahkan lagi pelayaran orang Barat ke timur. Ini memudahkan lagi usaha Portugis
untuk menakluki Melaka.
· Pada waktu yang sama, akibat daripada keadaan dalaman negeri Melaka yang kucar-kacir
dan pengenaan cukai yang tinggi, maka menyebabkan pedagang-pedagang mengalihkan
tumpuan perdagangan ke pelabuhan-pelabuhan lain.
1.2.4.2 External Factors
· The discovery of Cape of Hope (Tanjung Harapan) in the south of Africa by Bartholomew
Diaz in the year 1488 had provided easier access for the western traders to go to the east.
This eased the efforts of the Portuguese to conquer Malacca.
· At the same time, foreign traders had diverted to other ports besides Malacca due to
Malacca’s internal problems and high amount of taxes charged on traders.
Rajah 1.16
Diagram 1.16

1.3 Zaman Penjajahan Kuasa Barat
1.3.1 Zaman Penjajahan Portugis
1.3.1.1 Mengapa Portugis Datang Ke Timur:
· Orang Portugis adalah bangsa Eropah yang pertama datang ke Timur dan tiba ke Melaka.
· Tujuan kedatangan mereka adalah berkaitan dengan perdagangan rempah. Permintaan
rempah sangat tinggi di Eropah. Rempah digunakan untuk mengawet makanan dan
menambah kelazatannya.
· Orang Portugis datang ke Timur kerana mahu mendapatkan rempah terus dari tempat
pengeluarannya, iaitu di Kepulauan Melayu.
· Ketika itu perdagangan rempah dimonopoli oleh saudagar Islam.
· Orang Portugis juga ingin memecahkan monopoli perdagangan rempah yang pada ketika itu
dikuasai oleh saudagar Islam.
· Tambahan pula, orang Portugis telah lama memusuhi orang Islam sejak mereka kalah dalam
Perang Salib pada kurun ke-12.
· Mereka ingin meneruskan peperangan dan menghancurkan kerajaan Islam di Timur serta
menyebarkan ajaran Kristian.
· Di samping itu, Raja Portugal menggalakkan rakyatnya melakukan pengembaraan ke seluruh
dunia. Baginda telah menghantar rombongan mencari jalan laut ke Timur.
· Pada tahun 1498, Vasco da Gama telah sampai ke India. Ini diikuti dengan kedatangan
rombongan Lopez de Sequeira ke Melaka pada tahun 1509.
· Pada tahun berikutnya, orang Portugis berjaya menakluki Goa dan menjadikannya pusat
operasi mereka di Timur.
1.3 Western Colonisation Eras
1.3.1 Portuguese Colonisation Era
1.3.1.1 Reasons The Portuguese Came To The East:
· The Portuguese were the first European people to arrive in the east and also in Malacca.
· Their intention of coming to the east was related to the spice trades. The demand for spices
was very high in Europe. Spices were used to conserve food and enhance its taste.
· The Portuguese came to the east to obtain direct access to spice produces, which was in the
Malay Isles.
· During that time, Muslim traders monopolized the spice business, and the Portuguese aimed
to break the monopoly.
· Moreover, the Portuguese had long resented the Muslims since they were defeated by the
Muslims in the Cross War in the 12th
century.
· They wanted to revive the war, eliminate Muslim governments in the east and spread
Christianity.
· Besides that, the king of Portugal also encouraged his people to travel around the world. He
had sent an entourage to explore sea routes to the east.
· In 1498, Vasco de Gama arrived in India. This was followed by the arrival of Lopez de
Sequeira’s entourage in Malacca in 1509.
· A year after that, the Portuguese had conquered Goa and made it their centre of operation.

Rajah 1.17
Diagram 1.17
Rajah 1.18: Perjalanan dari Portugal ke Melaka
Diagram 1.18: Journey from Portugal to Malacca
Sebab kedatangan
Portugis
The intentions of
Portugese
Memonopoli perdagangan
rempah /
Monopolise spice business.
Kedatangan Vasco da Gama
dan Lopez de Sequeira /
The arrival of Vasco da
Gama and Lopez de
Sequeira
Menyebarkan agama Kristian/
To spread their religion,
Christian
Galakkan dari Raja Portugal /
Encouragement from the
Portugal King

1.3.1.2 Portugis Di Melaka
· Melaka masih menjadi pusat perdagangan dan penyebaran Islam yang terkenal ketika
angkatan laut Portugis di bawah pimpinan Lopez de Sequiera tiba di Melaka. Angkatan laut ini
telah diarahkan oleh Raja Manuel untuk mendapatkan pangkalan Portugis di Melaka.
· Pada mulanya rombongan Portugis itu disambut baik oleh Sultan Mahmud dan dibenarkan
berniaga. Tetapi keadaan ini kemudiannya berubah.
· Saudagar Islam dari India telah menasihatkan Bendahara Tun Mutahir, pembesar Melaka
ketika itu supaya berhati-hati dengan orang Portugis yang dianggap musuh orang Islam.
· Bendahara telah memujuk Sultan Mahmud supaya bertindak ke atas orang Portugis. Baginda
akhirnya memerintahkan orang Portugis ditangkap dan ditahan termasuk seorang pegawai
kanan rombongan, iaitu Ruy de Araujo.
1.3.1.2 The Portuguese In Malacca
· Malacca was still a trade centre and a centre Islamic expansion when the Portuguese navy
troop, which was lead by Lopez de Sequiera, arrived. The troop instructed by King Manuel to
obtain a base in Malacca.
· Initially, Sultan Mahmud welcomed the troop warmly. They were even allowed to conduct
business there. However, this situation did not last for long.
· Muslim traders from India advised Tun Mutahir, who was the current principal minister, to
be aware of the Portuguese who were considered as enemies of the Muslims.
· Tun Mutahir had persuaded Sultan Mahmud to act against the Portuguese. Sultan Mahmud
then ordered the Portuguese to be arrested. This included the troops’ Supreme Commander,
Ruy de Araujo.
Rajah 1.19: Lopez de Squeira
Rajah 1.19: Lopez de Squeira

· Bagaimanapun, beberapa orang daripada rombongan itu telah terbunuh dan ada yang dapat
melarikan diri ke Goa termasuk ketuanya Lopez de Sequeira.
· Peristiwa tersebut telah memberi peluang kepada Portugis untuk menyerang Melaka.
Sungguhpun Melaka aman dan makmur, beberapa pergolakan di istana menyebabkan
kelemahan pentadbirannya. Ikuti peristiwa yang berlaku di istana Melaka.
· Apabila berita penahanan rombongan Portugis di Melaka sampai ke Goa dan Lisbon, Wizurai
Portugis di Goa, Alfonso d’Albuquerque telah menyiapkan angkatan perang untuk menyerang
Melaka.
· However, some of the troops were killed while some managed to escape to Goa. One of them
was Lopez de Sequeira.
· This event had opened the doors for Portuguese to attack Malacca. Furthermore, even though
Malacca was a peaceful state, internal conflicts had weakened its administration.
· When the news of the imprisonment of the Portuguese soldiers reached Goa and Lisbon,
Alfonso d’Albuquerque, who was Portugal’s Viceroy in Goa, prepared a battalion to attack
Malacca.
Rajah 1.20: Alfonso de Alburqueque
Diagram 1.20: Alfonso de Alburqueque

· Raja Portugal juga telah menghantar sepasukan tentera laut di bawah pimpinan Diego
Mendez untuk tujuan yang sama. Angkatan tentera ini telah bergabung dengan angkatan
tentera Alfonso. Dan menjadi sebuah angkatan perang yang besar.
· Portugis telah menyerang Melaka pada tahun 1509 dan 1511 dan dalam tempoh ini Melaka
tidak mempunyai kubu yang kuat di samping sukar menandingi alat-alat senjata Portugis yang
lebih canggih dan moden.
· The king of Portugal had also sent a navy battalion, under the command of Diego Mendez, for
the same reason. With the two battalions combined, Portugal now had a very strong battalion
to attack Malacca.
· Portugal had attacked Malacca in 1509 and 1511 and within these periods, Malacca did not
have a strong fortress and at the same time was unable to compete with Portugal’s advanced
weaponry.
Rajah 1.21
Diagram 1.21

· Secara keseluruhan, Portugis telah menduduki Melaka selama 130 tahun iaitu dari 1511
hingga 1641. Wizurai yang bertanggungjawab menyusun sistem pentadbiran Portugis di
Melaka adalah Alfonso d’Albuquerque.
· Portugis mengamalkan sistem pentadbiran berbentuk ketenteraan. Ketuanya digelar Kapten
Kota Melaka yang dilantik oleh Raja Portugal untuk bertugas selama tiga hingga empat tahun.
Beliau dipilih dari kalangan golongan Fidalgo iaitu golongan bangsawan Portugal.
· Seorang Kapten Angkatan Laut dilantik sekaligus sebagai timbalan kepada Kapten Kota.
Golongan tentera diketuai oleh Kapten Jeneral dan dibantu oleh golongan Feitor.
· Kapten Kota dan timbalannya akan dibantu oleh Majlis Penasihat. Majlis Penasihat terdiri
daripada tiga badan utama iaitu; Hal Ehwal Militer, Majlis Pentadbiran Sivil dan Kewangan,
Pentadbiran Orang Tempatan.
· In general, Portugal had ruled Malacca for about 130 years (1511-1641). The official who
was responsible to structure the administration system in Malacca was Alfonso
d’Albuquerque who was appointed as the Viceroy.
· Portugal practised a military administration system. The leader was called the Captain of the
Malacca Fort who was appointed by the King of Portugal. The Captain must serve for a
period of three to four years. The captain was selected from the Fidalgo community, which
was Portugal’s aristocratic community.
· A Marine Captain was appointed and he was also the Deputy for the Captain. Soldiers were
lead by the Captain General and assisted by the Feitor group.
· The Advisory Council assisted the Captain and his Deputy. The Advisory Council consisted of
three main bodies, which are: Military Affairs, Civil and Financial Administration Council,
and Locals’ Administration Council.
Sistem Pentadbiran Portugis / Portuguese Administration System
Raja Portugal / The
King Of Portugal
Wizurai Di Goa /
Viceroy In Goa
Kapten Kota Melaka / Captain
Of The Malacca Fort
Hal Ehwal
Militer /
Military Affairs
Majlis pentadbiran
Sivil Dan Kewangan
/ Civil & Financial
Administration Council
Pentadbiran Orang
Tempatan / Locals’
Administration Council

1.3.1.3 Kesan Pendudukan Portugis Di Melaka
· Portugis telah menjajah Melaka dari tahun 1511 hingga tahun 1641 selama lebih kurang 130
tahun.
· Banyak kesan peninggalan Portugis yang dapat dilihat hingga ke hari ini, antara kesannya:
o Lahir masyarakat Serani beragama Kristian di Melaka hasil perkahwinan orang Portugis
dengan penduduk tempatan.
o Wujud beberapa perkataan yang berasal daripada bahasa Portugis yang digunakan
dalam bahasa Malaysia seperti almari, tuala dan garpu.
o Tarian dan nyanyian masyarakat Portugis di Melaka menjadi warisan kesenian negara.
o Sebahagian daripada binaan tinggalan Portugis seperti A Famosa dan gereja St. Paul.
1.3.1.3 The Effects Of Portuguese Colonization In Malacca
· The Portuguese had ruled Malacca from the year 1511-1641 (130 years).
· To this day, there are still a lot of its effects that can be seen such as:
o A Eurasian community that practised Christianity was born in Malacca as the result of
the inter-marriages between the locals and the Portuguese people.
o Portuguese words such as almari, tuala, and garfu are used in Malay language (word
borrowing).
o The dance and songs of the Portuguese community have become a national cultural
heritage.
o Some of the buildings that were built by the Portuguese have become tourist attractions:
A Formosa and the Church of St. Paul
Rajah 1.22
Diagram 1.22

1.3.2 Zaman Penjajahan Belanda
· Era penjajahan Portugis berakhir setelah 130 tahun bertapak di Melaka, dan bermula pula era
penjajahan Belanda ke atas Melaka.
· Ekspedisi Belanda yang terawal tiba di Kepulauan Melayu adalah pada tahun 1559.
Pedagang-pedagang Belanda berminat untuk berdagang di Kepulauan Melayu terutamanya
untuk mendapatkan bahan-bahan rempah, pala dan cengkih.
· Ini telah mendorong pedagang-pedagang Belanda ini bergabung membentuk “Syarikat
Bersatu Hindia Timur” pada 20 Mac 1602 yang digelar V.O.C (Vereenidge Oost - Indische
Compagnie).
· Tujuan utama penubuhan V.O.C ialah untuk menguasai perdagangan rempah di Kepulauan
Melayu dan memonopoli perdagangan bijih timah di sini.
· Mereka juga ingin menyingkir Portugis yang sedang bergiat dalam perdagangan di rantau
Melayu. Pada tahun 1619, Belanda telah berjaya menguasai Betawi di Pulau Jawa. Betawi
telah dijadikan pelabuhan perdagangan alternatif kepada pedagang-pedagang dunia selain
Melaka.
· Untuk memastikan penguasaan Portugis di Asia Tenggara lenyap sama sekali, Belanda telah
beberapa kali melancarkan serangan ke atas Melaka. Akhirnya, Belanda berjaya menewaskan
Portugis dengan bantuan Kerajaan Johor iaitu kerajaan warisan dari Kesultanan Melayu
Melaka pada tahun 1641.
· Kerajaan Johor pada ketika itu di bawah pemerintahan Sultan Abdul Jalil, pengganti Sultan
Hammat Shah.
1.3.2 Dutch Colonisation Era
· The era of Portuguese colonization ended after 130 years in Malacca with the beginnings
of the Dutch colonization period.
· The first Dutch expedition to reach the Malay Isles was in the year 1559. The Dutch traders
were interested to conduct business in the Malay Isles especially in order to obtain goods
such as spices, nutmegs and cloves.
· This had encouraged the Dutch traders to form “Dutch East Hindia Company” in March
20, 1602, which was known as V.O.C (Vereenidge Oost- Indische Compagnie).
· The main purpose of the formation of V.O.C was to monopolize the tin and spice trades.
· They also aimed to get rid of the Portuguese who were also involved in the spice trade
industry.
· In 1619, the Dutch successfully conquered Betavia (Betawi) in Jawa. Betavia had become
an alternative port that competed with Malacca.
· To ensure total annihilation of Portuguese in South East Asia, the Dutch had several times
attacked Malacca. Finally, the Dutch managed to defeat the Portuguese with the aid of the
Johor Government, which was the hereditary government of the Malacca Sultanate in 1641.
· The Johor government at that time was under the rule of Sultan Abdul Jalil, who was the
heir of Sultan Ahmad Shah.

· Belanda cuba meluaskan pengaruhnya dalam perdagangan di negara ini dengan melampaui
sempadan Melaka. Pada tahun 1650, Belanda cuba menegakkan monopoli perdagangan
timah dengan Perak dengan mengadakan satu perjanjian dengan kerajaan tersebut. Walau
bagaimanapun, penduduk tempatan mula menyedari sikap Belanda itu.
· Persaingan perdagangan antara Johor dan Belanda sejak persahabatan mereka terjalin
selepas kejatuhan Portugis di Melaka nampaknya menjadi seolah-olah “retak menanti belah”.
Belanda tidak senang dengan persaingan itu kerana menjejaskan matlamat monopoli mereka.
· Keadaan ini akhirnya mencetuskan pertikaian yang melibatkan tindakan ketenteraan oleh
pihak Belanda ke atas Johor pada akhir abad ke-18.
· The Dutch attempted to spread its influence in this country by going beyond the Malacca
boundaries. In 1650, it tried to monopolize the tin trades in Perak by setting up an
agreement with the Perak government. However, the locals realized the intention of the
Dutch.
· The competition in the trade industry between Johor and the Dutch had made their
diplomatic relations sour. The Dutch felt uneasy with the competition from Johor for it
interfered with the aspirations of the Dutch to monopolize the economy.
· This situation finally resulted in violence when the Dutch took military action against Johor
in the end of the 18th
century.
Rajah 1.23: Bangunan yang menjadi simbol penjajahan Belanda
Diagram 1.23: Buildings that symbolise Dutch colonisation

1.3.3 Zaman Penjajahan British
1.3.3.1 Campur Tangan British
· Campur tangan British paling ketara di negeri-negeri Melayu adalah akibat termeterainya
Perjanjian Pangkor pada tahun 1874, namun penglibatan Inggeris dalam kerajaan Melayu
telah berlaku lebih awal lagi.
· Pada 11 Ogos 1786, Francis Light telah berjaya mengambil Pulau Pinang melalui tipu
muslihat dari tangan Kedah iaitu Sultan Abdullah. Memandangkan kedudukan Pulau Pinang
yang agak strategik untuk dijadikan pangkalan tentera dan perdagangan, British cuba untuk
bertapak di situ.
· Pulau Pinang merupakan sebahagian daripada wilayah Kedah. Kedah pula sedang
menghadapi ancaman Siam dan Burma
· Sultan Muhammad Jiwa menawarkan kepada British untuk membuka petempatan di Pulau
Pinang sekiranya British sedia membantu Kedah menghadapi ancaman Siam. Tawaran diberi
sekali lagi oleh Sultan Abdullah kepada British.
1.3.3 BRITISH COLONIZATION PERIOD
1.3.3.1 British Intervention
· British intervention in the Malay states was the result of the Pangkor Treaty in the year
1874. However, British intervention had started much earlier and before this agreement
was sealed.
· On August 11, 1786, Francis Light had managed to take-over Penang from Kedah by
‘assisting’ Sultan Abdullah, who was the ruler of Kedah. The British wanted to make a base
there for Penang was a strategic location as a trade and military centre.
· Penang was part of Kedah and Kedah was facing Siamese threat.
· Sultan Muhammad Jiwa offered a base for the British in Penang if they were willing to
assist Kedah overcome the Siamese threat. Sultan Abdullah also agreed to the same offer.
Rajah 1.24: Peta Kedah dan Pulau Pinang
Diagram 1.24: Map of Kedah and Penang

· Melalui tawaran ini, Sultan Abdullah meletakkan syarat-syarat bahawa:
o British hendaklah mengawal perairan Kedah
o Musuh Kedah adalah musuh British
o Perbelanjaan perang ditanggung oleh syarikat
o Kapal-kapal bebas berniaga di Kedah atau Pulau Pinang
o Pampasan $30 000 wang Sepanyol hendaklah dibayar kepada sultan atas
kehilangan beberapa keistimewaan dalam perdagangan
o British hendaklah mempertahankan Kedah daripada ancaman musuhnya.
· Tanpa mendapat kebenaran daripada pegawai atasan di India, Francis Light bersetuju dengan
syarat-syarat itu pada tahun 1785.
· Based on the offer, Sultan Abdullah requested that:
o The British to guard Kedah
o Kedah enemies were also the British enemies
o The company paid all the expenses
o Ships were free to conduct business in Kedah and Penang
o Compensation amounting $30000 Spanish dollars must be paid to the Sultan for the
lost of some trade privileges
o British must hereafter defend Kedah from its enemies
· Without the approval of the British superior officials in India, Francis Light agreed with all
the terms in the year 1785.
Rajah 1.25
Diagram 1.25

· Apabila pegawai atasan enggan menyetujui syarat-syarat yang telah ditetapkan kerana ingin
menjaga kepentingan perdagangan dan politik dengan Siam, Sultan Abdullah mendesak
supaya British meninggalkan Pulau Pinang.
· Keengganan British meninggalkan Pulau Pinang menyebabkan keadaan menjadi tegang.
British telah menyerang Seberang Prai menyebabkan Kedah mengalami kekalahan teruk.
· Dengan itu, bermulalah penjajahan ke atas pulau Pinang dan seterusnya Seberang Prai pula
jatuh ke tangan British apabila Kedah sering menyekat bekalan makanan kerana Kedah
merasa tidak puas hati dengan syarat-syarat perjanjian yang telah dibuat pada tahun 1791
yang antara lainnya Sultan Kedah akan mendapat pampasan tahunan sebanyak $6 000 wang
Sepanyol. Menyedari kedudukan Pulau Pinang agak jauh ke utara, British merancang untuk
mencari satu pangkalan baru di kawasan-kawasan yang berhampiran dengan Selat Melaka.
· When the British superior officials refused to agree with the terms (upon considering the
relations with Siam), Sultan Abdullah forced the British to leave Penang.
· The British refused to leave Penang and this had caused chaos. British attacked Seberang
Perai, which eventually brought about Kedah’s defeat.
· With that, British colonization in began in Penang. After that, Seberang Perai fell into the
power of the British when Kedah regularly blocked food supply to Seberang Perai. This is
because Kedah was dissatisfied with the agreements that had been amended in the year 1791
whereby the Sultan of Kedah would only receive compensation amounting to $6000 Spanish
dollars.
· Realizing that the location of Penang was a little far to the north, the British planned to find a
new base in areas that were nearer to the Straits of Malacca.
Rajah 1.26
Diagram 1.26

· Pada 6 Februari 1819, Stamford Raffles berjaya menduduki Singapura apabila beliau campur
tangan dalam pertikaian Tengku Hussin dengan Yang Di Pertuan Muda Kerajaan Johor.
Raffles telah mengiktiraf Tengku Hussin sebagai Sultan Johor.
· Sebagai balasan, Tengku Hussin membenarkan Raffles membuka petempatan di Singapura
melalui satu perjanjian pada tahun 1819.
· On February 6 1819, Stamford Raffles managed to invade Singapore when he intervened in
the dispute between Tengku Hussin and the Yang Di Pertuan Muda of Johor. Raffles had
acknowledged Tengku Hussin as the new Sultan of Johor.
· In return, Tengku Hussin had allowed Raffles to open a settlement in Singapore via an
agreement treaty in 1819.
Rajah 1.27 / Diagram 1.27
Rajah 1.28: Stanford Raffles
Diagram 1.28: Stanford Raffles

· Dalam perjanjian itu British sedia:
o Memberi perlindungan kepada Tengku Hussin
o Menyediakan pampasan tahunan sebanyak $3 000 wang Sepanyol
o Menetapkan pemerintahan Johor atau penggantinya tidak boleh mengadakan
hubungan dengan kuasa-kuasa Barat yang lain.
· Dengan itu, British sudah dapat menguasai dua kawasan penting di Tanah Melayu.
· Pada tahun 1824, satu perjanjian ditandatangani antara British dan Belanda.
· Dalam perjanjian ini, kedua-dua pihak menetapkan garis sempadan kekuasaan masing-
masing bagi mengelakkan pertembungan yang boleh mengakibatkan peperangan.
· Mengikut perjanjian tersebut, kawasan di utara dan timur selat Melaka diserahkan kepada
British, manakala kawasan di barat dan selatan Selat Melaka diserahkan kepada Belanda.
· Belanda yang menduduki Melaka ketika itu menyerahkan Melaka kepada British, manakala
British menyerahkan Bangkahulu yang didudukinya ketika itu pada Belanda.
· In the agreement, the British were willing
o To provide protection to Tengku Hussin
o To give compensation amounting to $3000 Spanish dollars
o British also decided on the ruler of Johor, so that the heir would not build any
relations with other western forces.
· With that, British had controlled two significant areas in Malaya.
· In 1824, an agreement had been made between the British and the Dutch (The British Dutch
Treaty).
· In this agreement, both parties had decided on boundary areas. This was to prevent any
collision that could spark a war.
· Areas that were in the east and north of the Straits of Malacca would be handed in to the
British while the Dutch would occupy areas that were in the west and south of the Straits of
Malacca.
· The Dutch handed over Malacca to the British while the British handed over Bangkahulu to
the Dutch.
Rajah 1.29: Pensempadanan baru jajahan Inggeris dan jajahan Belanda
Diagram 1.29: New border for British colony and Dutch colony

1.3.3.2 Negeri-Negeri Selat
· Apabila British berjaya menduduki negeri-negeri di Tanah Melayu dan membuat petempatan di
Singapura, Pulau Pinang dan Melaka, mereka telah menyatukan wilayah-wilayah ini di bawah
satu pentadbiran yang disebut NEGERI-NEGERI SELAT. Pulau Pinang menjadi pusat
pertama pentadbiran Negeri-negeri Selat.
· Ia diketuai oleh seorang Gabenor. Pada 1 April 1867, pentadbiran Negeri-negeri Selat
dipindahkan dari Calcutta di India ke Pejabat Tanah Jajahan di London.
· Pemindahan pentadbiran ini sebenarnya memberikan kesan yang agak nyata kepada
perkembangan sejarah tanah air. Antaranya pentadbiran negeri-negeri Selat semakin cekap,
pertanian niaga seperti lada hitam, gambir, buah pala, cengkih dan tebu semakin berkembang
pesat.
1.3.3.2 Straits Settlements
· When the British managed to penetrate the Malay states in Malaya and build settlements in
Singapore, Penang and Malacca, they had united these states under the same administration,
which was known as the Straits Settlements and Penang was its first administration centre.
· It was headed by a Governor. On April 1st
1867, the administration of the Straits Settlements
was shifted from Calcutta, India to the Crown Colony Office in London.
· The shift had left significant impacts on the nations’ historical development. The
administration of the Straits Settlements became efficient and there was a variety of corps that
were introduced in the agricultural sectors such as peppercorns, cloves, sugarcane, nutmeg
and gambier.
Rajah 1.30: Negeri-negeri Selat / Diagram 1.30: Straits Settlements

1.3.3.3 Faktor-Faktor Campur Tangan Inggeris Di Tanah Melayu
1. Faktor Ekonomi
· Merupakan faktor terpenting campur tangan.
· Inggeris memerlukan bahan-bahan mentah, terutama kerana ketika itu berlakunya revolusi
industri di England.
· Ramai pedagang Inggeris telah menanam modal di negeri-negeri Melayu khususnya di
kawasan perlombongan.
2. Kebimbangan Campur Tangan Kuasa-kuasa Asing
· Pada tahun 1870-an, kuasa-kuasa asing seperti Itali, Perancis, Jerman dan Rusia bersaing
untuk mendapatkan tanah jajahan yang akan dijadiakan sebagai pembekal bahan-bahan
mentah.
3. Masalah Di Tanah Melayu
· perang saudara antara pembesar dalam merebut takhta dan kawasan
· pergaduhan antara kongsi gelap Cina ( Ghee Hin dan Hai San )
· kegiatan perlanunan di Selat Melaka
1.3.3.3 Factors Relating To British Intervention In Malaya
1. Economic Factors
· The main reasons for the intervention:
· The British needed raw materials, which was needed due to the industrial revolution in
England.
· A lot of British traders had invested their capitals in the Malay states especially
in mining areas.
2. Fear of Foreign Intervention
· In 1870s, foreign forces such as Italy, France, German and Russia were competing with
each other to obtain a colony that would be turned into distribution centres for raw
materials.
3. Chaos in Malaya
· Civil wars among the rulers and disputes for the throne.
· The conflicts among Chinese groups (Ghee Hin and Hai San)
· Pirate activities in the Straits of Malacca

4. Perubahan Dalam Kakitangan Pejabat Tanah Jajahan
· Sebelum tahun 1871, pegawai-pegawai Pejabat Tanah Jajahan dan Parti Liberal yang
memerintah Britain tidak bersimpati langsung dengan rayuan-rayuan bagi Kerajaan Negeri-
negeri Selat campur tangan di Tanah Melayu untuk memulihkan keamanan.
· Tetapi selepas tahun 1871, perubahan dalam kaki tangan Pejabat Tanah Jajahan dan kabinet
British melahirkan sentimen imperialisme di Britain. Golongan ini menyokong dasar campur
tangan tersebut.
· Pada tahun 1870, Lord Kimberley dilantik sebagai Setiausaha PTJ dan mengarahkan Sir
Andrew Clarke untuk melaporkan langkah-langkah yang boleh diambil oleh Kerajaan British
untuk memulihkan keamanan di Tanah Melayu.
5. Peranan Sir Andrew Clarke
· Sir Andrew Clarke yang menggantikan Sir Harry Ord sebagai Gabenor Negeri-negeri Selat
pada bulan November 1873 merupakan sebab efektif bagi campur tangan British di negeri-
negeri Melayu.
· Atas inisiatifnya sendiri mengambil keputusan untuk campur tangan di Perak pada bulan
Januari 1874 dan seterusnya di Selangor dan Sg Ujong.
4. The Transformation in the Crown Colony Office Workforce
· Before 1871, officers from the Crown Colony Office and the Liberal Party that ruled Britain
never had the intention to view the pledge to regain peace in Malaya through their
intervention.
· However, after 1871, the transformation in the Crown Colony Office and the British cabinet
brought about to the birth of imperialism in Britain. This group strongly supported the
intervention policy.
· In 1870, Lord Kimberly was appointed as the Secretary of the Crown Colony Office and
directed Sir Andrew Clarke to report the necessary steps that could be taken by the British
government to regain peace in Malaya.
5. The role of Sir Andrew Clarke
· Sir Andrew Clarke, who replaced Sir Harry Ord as the Governor of the Straits Settlements in
November 1873, was the prime reason for British intervention in the Malay states.
· The intervention in Perak began in January 1874. The attempts in Selangor and in Sg. Ujong
were a result of his own initiative and decisions.

6. Faktor Kemanusiaan
· Kerajaan British ingin menamatkan keadaan huru hara di Negeri-negeri Melayu bagi
menyelamatkan nyawa dan harta benda.
· Ini merupakan pendapat Sir Frank Swettenham, namun pendapat ini kurang bertepatan.
6. Humanity Factor
· The British wanted to end the chaos in the Malay states – to save lives and properties and
economic resources from destruction.
· This was the view of Sir Frank Swettenham. However, it was an inaccurate decision.

1.3.3.4 Sistem Residen
· Usaha British untuk campur tangan dan terlibat sama dalam politik di Negeri-negeri Melayu
paling ketara pada tahun 1874.
· Akibat keadaan tidak aman terutama di kawasan perlombongan di Perak, British bertindak
dengan membentuk dan menandatanagni “Perjanjian Pangkor” pada tahun 1874 di Perak.
· Bermula di Perak, sistem ini kemudian diperkenalkan di Selangor dan Sungai Ujung pada
tahun 1874, di Pahang pada tahun 1888, dan di Negeri Sembilan pada tahun 1914.
· Antara pegawai-pegawai British yang pernah menjawat jawatan residen ini adalah seperti
berikut:
o Perak (1874) - J.W.W.Birch
o Selangor (1874) - J.G.Davidson
o Sungai Ujung (1874) - Kapt.W.Tatham
o Pahang (1888) - J.P.Rodger
o Negeri Sembilan (1895) - Martin Lister
1.3.3.4 The Resident System
· In 1874, the attempts of the British to intervene and be involved in the politics of the Straits
Settlements were very obvious.
· Due to the conflicts especially in the mining areas of Perak, the British had developed and
signed the Pangkor Treaty in 1874.
· From Perak, the system was then introduced in Selangor and Sg. Ujung in 1874. The system
was also introduced in Pahang in 1888 and in Negeri Sembilan in 1914.
· Some of the British officials that were appointed as residents:
o J.W.W Birch (Perak – 1874)
o J.G Davidson (Selangor – 1874)
o Capt. W. Tatham (Sungai Ujung – 1874)
o J.P Rodger (Pahang – 1888)
o Martin Lister (Negeri Sembilan – 1895)

1.3.3.5 Kesan-Kesan Sistem Residen
1. Politik:
· Keamanan dapat dipulihkan, namun sistem tradisi di negeri-negeri berkenaan terjejas di mana
sultan tiada lagi kuasa mutlak dalam pemerintahan dan pembesar-pembesar hampir hilang
hak tradisi mereka.
· Ini adalah kerana residen terlampau berkuasa, maka mereka mentadbir mengikut cara mereka
sendiri.
2. Ekonomi
· Secara keseluruhan, negeri-negeri yang terbabit menampakkan kemajuan kerana pelaburan
semakin giat ekoran perkembangan perusahaan bijih timah dan tanaman-tanaman lain seperti
kopi dan getah.
· Akibat kemasukan buruh yang ramai untuk bekerja di sektor-sektor ekonomi, petempatan-
petempatan mula berkembang menjadi perbandaran.
· Namun berlaku ketidakseragaman pengagihan kekayaan antara negeri dan di dalam sebuah
negeri itu sendiri.
· Sumber dan hasil ekonomi dimonopoli oleh pelabur-pelabur barat sedangkan kaum peribumi
ketinggalan.
1.3.3.5 Impacts Of The Resident System
1. Politics
· Even though peace was regained, the traditional system of administration in the Malay
states was affected, whereby the Sultans did not have absolute power in the government
anymore and the ministers had almost lost all their traditional rights.
· This is because since the residents were too powerful, they started to rule based on their
own decisions and their own styles.
2. Economics
· In general, states that were involved with the system had indicated progress because of the
active investment that was influenced by the development of the tin industry and also the
introduction of various crops such as coffee and rubber.
· Due to the increase of labourers that work in the economic sectors, many new settlements
began to grow and cities were born.
· However, there was inadequate distribution of wealth between states and even within
states.
· Western traders monopolized the resources and economic products whereas the natives and
locals were left out.

3. Sosial
· Berlaku kepesatan penyediaan infrastruktur seperti sistem perhubungan, kesihatan, telegraf,
pos, bekalan air, elektrik, sekolah dan lain-lain.
· Namun begitu kebanyakan infrastruktur tersebut disediakan di kawasan-kawasan yang
terdapat kepentingan ekonomi Inggeris sahaja.
· Ini telah menyebabkan hubungan penduduk tempatan dengan kaum imigran renggang dan
wujud perbezaan dan jarak sosial di antara mereka.
3. Social
· The growth in facilities and infrastructures was obvious. For example, health,
communication, telegraph, water and electricity supplies, school and others sectors were
improved.
· Nevertheless, most of the facilities were provided only at places where there were priorities
for British orientated economy.
· This had caused the relations between the locals and the immigrants to crack and the
breach between them to enlarge.
Rajah 1.31
Diagram 1.31
Kesan Sistem
Residen
Impacts of
Resident System
Politik
Politics
Ekonomi
Economy
Sosial
Social

1.3.3.6 Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu
· Untuk mengukuhkan lagi kedudukan di negeri-negeri Tanah Melayu, pada tahun 1896,
Inggeris telah menubuhkan Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu melalui Perjanjian
Persekutuan.
· Negeri-negeri tersebut terdiri dari Selangor, Perak, Pahang dan Negeri Sembilan.
· Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu bukanlah merupakan persekutuan dalam erti yang
sebenarnya, tetapi merupakan satu kesatuan politik.
· Melalui sebuah “persekutuan”, sumber-sumber semua negeri ahli dapat dikumpulkan dan
digunakan bagi faedah bersama dan membangunkan negeri lain dengan kos pentadbiran
yang minimum.
1.3.3.6 Federated Malay States
· To strengthen their position in the states of Malaya, the British had formed the Federated
Malay States via the Federal Treaty in 1896.
· The states consisted of Selangor, Perak, Pahang and Negeri Sembilan.
· The Federation of Malaya was not actually a federation, but more of a political alliance.
· Through a “federation”, all the states’ sources could be collected and combined and used
for shared purposes and benefits and also to minimize administration costs.
Rajah 1.32: Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu
Diagram 1.32: Federated Malay States

1.3.3.7 Perjanjian Persekutuan (1896)
· Di antara syarat-syarat Perjanjian Persekutuan ialah supaya raja-raja Negeri-negeri Melayu
Bersekutu bersetuju menerima seorang pegawai British yang digelar Residen-Jeneral, yang
berperanan sebagai penasihat dalam semua bidang pemerintahan kecuali yang menyentuh
tentang hal ehwal agama Islam dan adat-istiadat Melayu.
· Untuk mewujudkan hubungan yang baik antara raja-raja Melayu dengan pegawai-pegawai
Inggeris, telah diperkenalkan sistem Persidangan Raja-raja Melayu yang dikenali sebagai
Durbar.
· Persidangan pertama telah diadakan pada tahun 1897 di Kuala Kangsar dan persidangan
kedua diadakan pada tahun 1903 di Kuala Lumpur.
· Akibat dari perjanjian ini, kuasa pentadbiran telah dipusatkan dalam tangan Residen Jeneral di
Kuala Lumpur dan raja telah kehilangan kuasa di dalam negeri mereka.
· Penubuhan jabatan-jabatan persekutuan telah menyebabkan pengambilan lebih ramai
pegawai-pegawai Inggeris.
1.3.3.7 Federal Treaty (1896)
· One of the terms stated in the Federal Treaty was that the rulers (sultans) of the Federated
Malay States were to accept a British officer. This officer was known as the Resident
General. He will be appointed as an advisor who will be involved in all aspects of ruling,
with the exception of Islamic matters and the Malay culture.
· To create a better relationship among the British officers and the Malay rulers, the
Council of Malay Rulers or Durbar was introduced.
· The first conference was held in Kuala Kangsar in 1897 while the second one was held in
Kuala Lumpur in 1903.
· As a result of this agreement (Federal Treaty), the authority of administration had been
entrusted into the hands of the Resident General in Kuala Lumpur. The Malay rulers had
lost all of their power.
· The formation of more federal departments resulted in the increment in the intake of
British officers.

Rajah 1.33
Diagram 1.33
KESAN PENUBUHAN
PERSEKUTUAN
1896
EFFECTS OF THE
FORMATION OF
FEDERAL TREATY 1896
Durba diadakan
Durba had been arranged
Tambah pendapatan
Persekutuan
Increase Federal Income
Kerjasama diantara
negeri
Inter state cooperation
Resident Jeneral
berkuasa penuh
Full authority for
Resident General
Ketua Jabatan di Kuala
Lumpur lebih berkuasa
Head of department in Kuala
Lumpur had more authority
Perkongsian khidmat pakar
Sharing of expert services
Kuasa Raja-raja Melayu
kurang
Malay Rulers authority
became less
Pelaburan asing,
perlombongan dan getah
bertambah
Foreign investment, mining
and rubber increased
Penyelarasan
undang-undang
Law
standardisation

1.3.3.8 Majlis Mesyuarat Persekutuan
· Kedudukan Inggeris diperkukuhkan lagi dengan penubuhan Majlis Mesyuarat Persekutuan
pada 1909. Tujuannya ialah untuk menambahkan kuasa raja-raja dan residen-residen dari
negeri-negeri berkenaan. Namun motifnya ialah untuk menambahkan kuasa Gabenor Inggeris
di Singapura.
· Ahli-ahli Majlis terdiri daripada Pesuruhjaya Tinggi, Residen Jeneral, empat orang raja Melayu,
empat orang residen dan empat orang ahli tidak rasmi (tiga orang Eropah dan seorang Cina).
· Apa yang jelas kesan daripada penubuhan Majlis tersebut telah melemahkan kuasa raja-raja
Melayu apabila sultan hanya sebagai ahli biasa sahaja dan tidak mempunyai kuasa pemutus.
· Semua perundangan yang diluluskan ditandatangani oleh Pesuruhjaya Tinggi dan bukannya
sultan. Ini bermaksud kuasa sebenar adalah di tangan Pesuruhjaya Tinggi.
1.3.3.8 Federal Council
· The position of the British was further strengthened with the formation of the Federal
Council the in 1909. The purpose was to increase the authority of the Malay rulers and
reduce the authority of the Residents from all the states. However, the underlying motive
was to further increase the authority of the British Governor in Singapore.
· The Council members consisted of the British High Commissioner, the Resident General,
the Malay rulers form the four Malay States, the four Residents and four unofficial
members (3 Europeans and a Chinese).
· The effect that could be seen from the formation of the Council was that it weakened the
supremacy of the Malay rulers. The Sultans were just ordinary members and did not have
the authority to make decisions.
· The British High Commissioner and not the Sultans approved all the laws of the federation.
This clearly indicated that the real power was in the hands of the High Commissioner.

1.3.3.9 Negeri-Negeri Melayu Tak Bersekutu
· Sebelum tahun 1909, negeri-negeri Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah dan Perlis adalah di bawah
naungan Siam. Ekoran Perjanjian Bangkok 1909, Siam bersetuju menyerahkan negeri-negeri
berkenaan kepada Inggeris, seorang penasihat Inggeris telah ditempatkan di setiap negeri
tersebut.
· Walau bagaimanapun, pada hakikatnya Perjanjian Bangkok 1909 tidak dipersetujui oleh
negeri-negeri yang terlibat khususnya Kedah dan Perlis.
· Pada peringkat awal negeri-negeri berkenaan enggan menerima penasihat Inggeris.
· Inggeris menyatukan pentadbiran negeri-negeri berkenaan dalam satu unit pentadbiran yang
dikenali sebagai Negeri-negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu.
· Perjanjian Bangkok 1909 ini telah menyekat perluasan kuasa Siam di negeri-negeri Melayu
dan melindungi kepentingan Inggeris di Tanah Melayu.
· Dengan adanya perjanjian ini kuasa-kuasa Barat lain sukar untuk menembusi negeri-negeri
Melayu dan dengan demikian lebih menguntungkan Inggeris.
· Bagi Inggeris, negeri-negeri berkenaan adalah berpotensi dari segi ekonomi dan
perdagangan, sedangkan bagi Siam ianya tidak menguntungkan.
· Perjanjian ini juga telah menamatkan proses perluasan kuasa Inggeris di Tanah Melayu iaitu
setelah Johor menerima penasihat Inggeris pada tahun 1914.
· Ia juga merupakan peristiwa penting di dalam menentukan sempadan di antara Tanah Melayu
dan Siam.
· Mulai tahun 1914, negeri-negeri di Tanah Melayu berada di bawah tiga unit politik iaitu Negeri-
negeri Selat, Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu, dan Negeri-negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu.
1.3.3.9 Unfederated Malay States
· Before 1909, Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis were under the influence of Siam.
After the Bangkok Treaty in 1909, these states were handed over to the British. A British
Advisor was appointed to each of these states.
· Kedah and Perlis strongly opposed the treaty. The same situation occurred in the other
states.
· The British organized a collective administration unit for these states, which was known as
The Unfederated Malay States.
· The Bangkok Treaty had obstructed the expansion of the Siamese’s forces into the Malay
states and it also protected the privileges relished by the British in Malaya.
· With the clauses in the treaty implemented, other western forces could not invade the Malay
states and this condition profited the British.
· For the British, the Unfederated Malay States had great potentials in terms of economy and
trade. Siam had, on the other had regarded these states as unprofitable.
· The treaty had also ended the expansion of the British forces in Malaya that began from
Johor, which had accepted advisor in 1914.
· It was also an important event in determining the boundaries between Malaya and Siam.
· From 1914 onwards, all the states in Malaya were under three political units, which were
the Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States and the Unfederated Malay States.

Rajah 1.34: Negeri-negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu
Diagram 1.34: Unfederated Malay States

1.3.3.10 Desentralisasi Kuasa (1920-1941)
· Pengagihan kuasa pusat adalah bermaksud bahawa kuasa-kuasa utama yang berkaitan
dengan pentadbiran kewangan, perkhidmatan seperti keretapi, kastam dan pos yang selama
ini dikuasai oleh kerajaan pusat akan diagihkan ke negeri-negeri berkenaan.
· Antara tahun 1910-1920 keadaan di Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu adalah aman dimana
keadaan ekonomi adalah baik dan raja-raja berpuas hati dengan kedudukan mereka.
· Selepas tahun 1920 berlaku perasaan tidak puas hati khususnya dikalangan raja. Ini
merupakan salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan Inggeris mengambil langkah mengagihkan
kuasa pusat ke negeri-negeri berkenaan.
· Faktor-faktor yang mendasari pengagihan kuasa pusat ialah rasa tidak puas hati dikalangan
raja-raja Melayu di Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu dari segi kuasa memerintah.
· Ini adalah kerana tidak seperti raja-raja di Negeri-negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu yang
berkuasa penuh ke atas negeri masing-masing.
· Keinginan Inggeris untuk menyatukan Negeri-negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu dengan Negeri-
negeri Melayu Bersekutu, kemelesetan ekonomi dunia 1920-an, dan pergelutan kuasa di
antara Residen Jeneral dan Pesuruhjaya Tinggi.
· Pengagihan kuasa yang dilakukan oleh Inggeris sebenarnya memperlihatkan bagaimana
Inggeris melakukan sesuatu itu berlandaskan kepada motif ekonomi dan politik.
· Dari segi ekonomi, pengagihan berlaku apabila terjadinya kemelesetan ekonomi dunia di
mana pengagihan kuasa adalah satu langkah untuk berjimat cermat.
· Dari segi politik, British ingin menguasai keseluruhan Tanah Melayu dibawah satu
pentadbiran, iaitu Kesatuan Tanah Melayu.
1.3.3.10 Decentralisation (1920-1941)
· Distribution of central power means that the main forces that are related to administration of
finances and services such as railways, customs and postal services, which were previously
controlled by the central government, would be controlled by each state in the federation.
· Between the year 1910-1920, the conditions in the Federation of Malaya was peaceful
whereby there was economic growth and the rulers were satisfied with their position and
authority.
· After the year 1920, dissatisfaction was imminent amongst the rulers. This was one of the
factors that led to decentralization.
· The rulers of the Malay States were not satisfied with the authority given to them.
· This was because the rulers of the Unfederated Malay States still retained absolute authority.
· The intention of the British was to unite all the Malay states (Federated and Unfederated),
due to the world economic downturn in 1920s and the struggle for power between the
Resident General and the British High Commissioner.
· In terms of economy, decentralization occurred due to the world economic downturn and was
a move to minimize expenses.
· In terms of politics, the British wanted to control the whole of Malaya under one system of
administration, which was the Federation of Malaya.

1.3.4 ZAMAN PENJAJAHAN JEPUN
· Penjajahan Jepun merupakan salah satu peristiwa penting dalam sejarah negara kita.
· Walaupun Jepun menduduki negara kita selama tiga tahun setengah (15 Februari 1942 hingga
15 Ogos 1945), namun kesannya amat mendalam ke atas penduduk Tanah Melayu.
· Seluruh Tanah Melayu dan Singapura ditawan dengan mengambil masa 70 hari sahaja.
Serangan dimulakan melalui dua arah iaitu melalui pantai timur dan pantai barat.
· Rancangan utama Jepun adalah untuk menubuhkan Pemerintahan Baru Asia Timur Raya, di
mana pihak Jepun telah berjanji akan memberikan kemerdekaan kepada sesetengah negara
di Asia Tenggara.
1.3.4.1 KEMENANGAN TENTERA JEPUN:
1.ketidaksediaan tentera Inggeris menghadapi peperangan
2.kelemahan pertahanan laut Inggeris
3.persediaan peperangan oleh Jepun
4.kelebihan tentera Jepun
5.kelewatan tentera bantuan dari London dan India
1.3.4 THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
· The Japanese occupation was one major event in the nation.
· Japan had occupied our country for three and a half year (15 February 1942-15 August
1945).
· The whole Malaya and Singapore were conquered in duration of 70 days. The invasion was
conducted through two modes, attacks from the east and west.
· Japan’s main aim was to form The East Asian Administration (Pemerintahan Baru Asia
Timur Raya) in which Japan promised to give independence to countries in South East Asia.
1.3.4.1 THE VICTORY OF JAPANESE ARMY
1. The British were not prepared for the Japanese attacks.
2. The lack of strategy in the British defence units.
3. Japan’s preparation and groundwork to face war.
4. Advantages of the Japanese Army
5. Delayed military support from London and India.

KETIDAKSEDIAAN TENTERA INGGERIS MENGHADAPI PEPERANGAN
· Pihak British tidak bersedia untuk menghadapi peperangan. Mereka tidak menyangka Jepun
akan memulakan serangan dari arah selatan (dari Singapura) kerana pusat pentadbiran British
adalah di situ, tetapi Jepun sebenarnya memulakan serangan dari arah Utara (di Kelantan)
dan menakluk negeri-negeri Melayu satu persatu.
KELEMAHAN PERTAHANAN LAUT INGGERIS
· Jepun telah menyerang melalui jalan laut dan tidak melalui udara seperti yang dijangkakan
oleh Kerajaan British. Pertahanan laut British sebenarnya terlalu lemah terutama apabila dua
kapal perang mereka iaitu Prince of Wales dan Repulse telah ditenggelamkan oleh Jepun
pada 10 Disember 1941 di perairan sebelah timur Semenanjung (Pahang).
PERSEDIAAN PEPERANGAN OLEH JEPUN
· Tentera Jepun telah membuat persediaan peperangan yang rapi di mana mereka mempunyai
rangkaian pengintipan yang baik di Tanah Melayu. Mereka begitu bersedia untuk melancarkan
serangan dengan membuat pengintipan sebelum memulakan serangan seperti menunggang
basikal meskipun di kampung-kampung dan hutan, maklumat-maklumat tentang kubu British,
landasan kapal terbang dan lokasi kem tentera.
THE BRITISH WERE NOT PREPARED FOR JAPANESE ATTACKS
· British were not prepared to face the war. They anticipated Japanese attacks from the south
(Singapore) because British central administration was located there. On the other hand, the
Japanese had attacked from the north (Kelantan) and then conquered Malay states one by
one from that direction.
THE LACK OF STRATEGY IN THE BRITISH DEFENCE UNITS
· The British had expected the Japanese to attack by air, but the attacks launched applied
marine strategies. The British marine defence strategies were weak. In addition, Japan had
sunk two of their war ships, the Prince of Wales and Repulse, on December 10th
1941 in the
east Peninsula waters (Pahang).
JAPAN’S PREPARATION AND GROUNDWORK TO FACE WAR
· Japan had conducted a thorough preparation in which they had an excellent network of spies
in Malaya. They were prepared for the attacks and had acquired all the information needed
such as information in connection with the British fortresses, aeroplane runways and the
location of the British army camps.

KELEBIHAN TENTERA JEPUN
· Kelebihan tentera Jepun yang cukup terlatih, berpengalaman serta bersemangat tinggi dan
mempunyai taktik peperangan yang cukup baik. Ini juga disebabkan mereka telah dipimpin
oleh pegawai-pegawai yang berkebolehan dan berpengalaman seperti Yamashita dan Tsuji.
· Ini bertentangan dengan sikap tentera-tentera British kerana sebahagian besar tentera British
terdiri daripada orang-orang India yang masih muda dan tidak mempunyai pengalaman dalam
peperangan.
KELEWATAN TENTERA BANTUAN DARI LONDON DAN INDIA
· Fenomena ini adalah berpunca akibat daripada masalah kewangan yang dihadapi oleh
Kerajaan British.
ADVANTAGES OF THE JAPANESE ARMY
· The Japanese armies were well trained, experienced, and equipped with excellent war tactics.
They were physically and mentally prepared for the war. This was because experienced army
officers such as Yamashita and Tsuji trained the soldiers.
· This was evidently in contrast with the British armies whereby most of them consisted of
young Indians who did not have war experience.
DELAYED MILITARY SUPPORT FROM LONDON AND INDIA
· This phenomenon was due to the financial problems faced by the British Government.

1.3.4.2 PENTADBIRAN JEPUN DI TANAH MELAYU
· Pada 8 Disember 1941, Jepun telah menyerang Tanah Melayu dan pada 15 Februari 1942,
seluruh Tanah Melayu dan Singapura telah jatuh ke tangan Jepun.
· Tanah Melayu dan Pulau Sumatera di bawah satu unit pentadbiran.
· Tanah Melayu dikenali sebagai Malai Baru dan Singapura sebagai Syonan.
· Jepun memerintah Tanah Melayu bercirikan sistem ketenteraan dengan matlamat utama iaitu
untuk memulihkan keadaan awam, dimana mereka ingin memulihkan masyarakat tempatan
yang sebelum ini huru-hara atau tidak aman ekoran daripada penentangan terhadap
pemerintah barat. Mereka ingin mewujudkan pemerintahan “Asia Untuk Orang Asia”.
· Di samping itu untuk memonopoli sumber ekonomi di Tanah Melayu. Hasil ekonomi ini ingin
digunakan untuk membantu masalah ekonomi yang sedang melanda negara Jepun pada
waktu itu.
· Secara tidak langsung adalah bertujuan untuk menanggung belanja biayaan tentera-
tenteranya di Tanah Melayu yang mana biayaan ini dalam bentuk senjata, makanan dan
kemudahan-kemudahan tentera.
· Mereka meletakkan seorang Gabenor Jepun dan membentuk sebuah Majlis Penasihat yang
dianggotai oleh orang-orang Jepun.
· Majlis ini bertujuan menggantikan Majlis Negeri yang ada sebelum ini.
· Negeri-negeri Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah dan Perlis diserahkan semula kepada negara
Thailand pada bulan Ogos 1943.
1.3.4.2 JAPAN ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYA
· On December 8th
1941, Japan had attacked Malaya and on February 15th
1942, the whole
Malaya and Singapore had fallen into Japanese hands.
· Malaya and the Islands of Sumatera were placed under one administration unit.
· The Japanese administration in Malaya was based on a military system and their main goal
was to restore the socio-political condition. They wanted to overcome the chaos caused the
western rulers. They propagated the motto, “Asia for Asians”.
· Besides that, the Japanese also wanted to monopolize the economic resources in Malaya.
They wanted to utilize the resources to curb the economic problems faced in their country.
· Indirectly, the resources were also used to support the expenses of the Japanese army in
Malaya for food supplies, weapons and army facilities.
· A Japanese Governor headed the administration system and an Advisory Council was formed
that consisted of Japanese officers.
· This council replaced the previous State Council.
· Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis were handed back to Siam in August 1943.

Rajah 1.35: Pergerakkan tentera Jepun menakluk Malaya
Diagram 1.35: Japan army movement to encounter Malaya
Rajah 1.36: Askar-askar Jepun
Diagram 1.36: The Japanese Army

1.3.4.3 KESAN PENDUDUKAN JEPUN
Kesan Ekonomi:
· penduduk menderita kerana kekurangan makanan
· menggunakan pelbagai cara untuk hidup
· petani dan nelayan dipaksa menjual hasil mereka kepada pihak Jepun
· perdagangan lumpuh
· pengedaran mata wang yang tidak terkawal
Faktor Politik:
· Wujud kesedaran politik di kalangan penduduk Tanah Melayu
· Wujud keyakinan untuk memerintah sendiri di kalangan orang Melayu
· Permusuhan di antara orang Melayu dan Cina
· Orang Cina dan India dengan ciri kecinaan dan keindiaan
· Parti Komunis Malaya (PKM) menjadi parti yang terkuat pada tahun 1945-1948
1.3.4.3 THE EFFECTS OF JAPANESE OCCUPATION
Economics
· The civilians suffered because of the lack of food supplies and had to employ whatever
possible method in order to survive.
· Farmers and fishermen were forced to sell their products to the Japanese.
· Trade industries were paralysed.
· Circulation of currency was not controlled.
Politics
· Political awareness started to emerge amongst the people of Malaya.
· The confidence to rule the country began to grow amongst the people.
· Conflicts between the Malay and the Chinese community erupted.
· Each community had their own sense of nationalism and identity. The Chinese and Indian
communities' nationalism centred on their native countries.
· The Malayan Communist Party (MCP) became the strongest and most prominent party within
the year 1945-1948.

Kesan Sosial:
· Orang Cina ditindas, orang Melayu dan India menjadi buruh paksa
· Orang Cina lari ke pinggir hutan dan membuka petempatan baru
· Permusuhan di antara orang Melayu dengan orang Cina
· Sistem pendidikan Jepun diperkenalkan yang menekankan latihan akhlak daripada akademik
Social
· The Chinese were oppressed while the Malays were meted better treatment. The Indians
became forced labours.
· The Chinese retreated to the jungle areas and opened new settlements.
· Conflicts between the Malay and the Chinese communities became visible.
· The Japanese education system was introduced where the emphasis focused on moral training
instead of academics.
Rajah 1.37: Askar-askar Jepun
Diagram 1.37: The Japanese Army

· Pendudukan Jepun berlangsung kira-kira 3 1/2 tahun apabila mereka berundur pada 15 Ogos
1945.
· Apabila Jepun menyerah kalah, British mengambil masa 14 hari sebelum kembali semula ke
Tanah Melayu.
· Dalam tempoh ini, PKM (Bintang Tiga) cuba menguasai Tanah Melayu dan mencetuskan huru
hara.
· Pada September 1945, British telah kembali semula ke Tanah Melayu dan berusaha untuk
mengawal keadaan dan memerangi kumpulan Bintang Tiga.
· Beberapa rancangan telah diperkenalkan untuk memulihkan keadaan huru hara ini seperti
pengisytiharan Darurat, Rancangan Briggs dan Rancangan Templer.
· The Japanese occupation lasted for about three and a half years and they retreated on August
15th
1945.
· When Japan retreated, British took 14 days to gain hold on Malaya.
· Within these 14 days, The Malayan Communist Party (also known as the Bintang Tiga) tried
to take over the Malayan administration and this caused chaos.
· On September 1945, the British returned to Malaya and attempted to control the current
situation and overcome the Bintang Tiga movement.
· Several plans to overcome the chaos had been put in to action such as the Declaration of
Emergency, the Briggs Plan and the Templer Plan.

1.3.4.4 PENGISYTIHARAN DARURAT
· Pada 16hb. Jun 1948, Sir Edward Gent, Pesuruhjaya Tinggi British telah mengisytiharkan
darurat bagi kawasan-kawasan di Perak dan Johor.
· Pada 17hb. Jun 1948, darurat diisytiharkan di seluruh Tanah Melayu. Pengisytiharan darurat
dibuat atas dorongan di mana pada bulan tersebut Parti Komunis Malaya telah membunuh tiga
orang pengurus ladang berbangsa Eropah di Perak.
· Undang-undang Darurat 1948 memberi kuasa kepada polis dan tentera untuk menahan atau
menangkap orang yang disyaki terlibat dengan kegiatan komunis tanpa perbicaraan.
· Pihak tentera juga mengadakan sekatan jalan raya dan perintah berkurung di kawasan di
mana terdapatnya kegiatan komunis.
· Sistem pendaftaran juga telah diperkenalkan di mana melalui sistem ini, penduduk yang
berumur 12 tahun ke atas mesti mendaftar dan mempunyai kad pengenalan diri yang
sekarang ini dikenali sebagai kad pengenalan.
1.3.4.4 DECLARATION OF EMERGENCY
· On June 16th
1948, Sir Edward Gent, who was the British High Commissioner, declared
Emergency in the areas of Perak and Johor.
· On June 17th
1948, Emergency was declared in the whole Malaya. The declaration was
implemented due to the murder of three European estate managers by the Malayan
Communist Party in Perak.
· The 1948 Emergency Laws gave complete authority to the police and the army to detain,
without trial, anyone who was suspected to be involved with communist activities.
· The army had also ordered roadblocks and curfews in the areas where communist activities
were detected.
· The registration system was also introduced. Based on this system, citizens who were 12 years
and above must register and have an identification card.
1.3.4.5 RANCANGAN BRIGGS

· Rancangan Briggs diperkenalkan oleh Sir Harold Briggs, bertujuan membenteras kegiatan
komunis melalui strategi menempatkan golongan di pinggir hutan ke kampung baru dan
melancarkan gerakan kelaparan.
· Rancangan ini bertujuan menghalang penduduk Cina daripada membekalkan makanan dan
perubatan dan memberikan maklumat kepada gerila komunis yang bersembunyi dalam hutan.
· Rancangan ini didapati berkesan dalam menggagalkan pemberontakan komunis kerana ia
dapat melemahkan kegiatan Min Yuen dan seterusnya memaksa komunis keluar daripada
hutan.
1.3.4.5 THE BRIGGS PLAN
· Sir Harold Briggs introduced the Briggs plan in order to overcome the communist activities
whereby new settlements were placed at jungle-sites and hunger movements were launched.
· The purpose of this plan was to prevent the Chinese from supplying food and medicines to
the communist guerrillas. It was also to prevent the communist from obtaining information
from the Chinese community.
· This plan had proved effective in refraining communist activities for it was able to weaken
the activities of Min Yeun and then force them to leave the jungle.
Rajah 1.38: Sir Harold Briggs
Diagram 1.38: Sir Harold Briggs
1.3.4.6 PERANG SARAF

· Sir Gerald Templer telah dilantik menjadi Pesuruhjaya Tinggi Tanah Melayu pada tahun 1952
menggantikan Sir Henry Gurney.
· Templer telah melancarkan perang saraf ke atas pengganas komunis dengan mengambil
beberapa tindakan. Antaranya:
a. melonggarkan syarat kewarganegaraan bagi orang bukan Melayu
b. memberikan pengampunan secara beramai-ramai kepada anggota Parti Komunis
Malaya yang menyerah diri
c. memberi hadiah kepada mereka yang memberi maklumat mengenai pengganas
komunis
d. menyebarkan risalah yang meminta agar anggota Parti Komunis Malaya
meninggalkan perjuangan mereka.
· Di samping itu, beliau telah memperkenalkan sistem “kawasan putih” dan “kawasan hitam”.
Templer juga memperkenalkan konsep perintah berkurung di kawasan-kawasan tertentu
ketika tentera memburu anggota komunis.
1.3.4.6 THE SARAF WAR
· Sir Gerald Templer was appointed as the High Commissioner of Malaya to replace Sir
Henry Gurney in 1952.
· Templer had launched the Saraf war against the communist through several ways. Some of
the methods were:
a. To disengage some of citizenship requirements for the non-Malays.
b. To organize mass forgiveness programs for members the Malayan Communist Party
who surrendered to the British.
c. To give rewards for those who provide information about the communists.
d. Spread newsletters that asked the communists to leave their fight.
· Besides that, Templer also introduced the system of “Black Areas” and “White Areas”.
Templer also introduced Emergency declaration programs in specific areas when the army
was pursuing the communist.
Rajah 1.39: Sir Gerald Templer
Diagram 1.39: Sir Gerald Templer
1.3.4.7 RUNDINGAN BALING

· Setelah mengalami kemerosotan akibat tindakan kerajaan membanterasnya, Parti Komunis
Malaya terdorong untuk mengadakan perundingan dengan kerajaan Tanah Melayu.
· Rundingan ini telah diadakan di Baling, Kedah pada 28 dan 29 Disember 1955.
· Pihak kerajaan diwakili oleh Tunku Abdul Rahman, David Marshall dan Tan Cheng Lock,
sementara PKM diwakili oleh Chin Peng, Chen Tien dan Rashid Maidin.
· PKM menuntut kerajaan supaya mengiktirafnya sebagai parti yang sah di sisi undang-undang
tetapi tuntutan ini ditolak. Rundingan ini gagal apabila pada waktu yang sama PKM juga
menolak tawaran yang diberikan oleh kerajaan supaya PKM meletakkan senjata.
1.3.4.7 THE BALING TREATY
· Due to the adverse effects that they received (due to government programs to get eradicate
communism), the Malayan Communist Party came to a decision of conducting a negotiation
with the government of Malaya.
· The negotiation was held in Baling, Kedah on December 28th
and 29th
in 1955.
· Tunku Abdul Rahman, David Marshall and Tan Cheng Lock represented the government
while Chin Peng, Chen Tien and Rashid Maidin represented the Malayan Communist Party.
· The Malayan Communist Party demanded that the government recognize it as a legal party
by law. However, this demand was rejected. The negotiation also failed because the Malayan
Communist Party refused to accept the government’s offer to lay down their weapons.
Zaman Pra Sejarah
Ringkasan Bab 1: Sejarah Awal Malaysia

Portugis
· Menjajah Melaka dari 1511
hingga 1641.
· Tujuan kedatangan:
memonopoli perdagangan
rempah, galakan Raja
Portugal, menyebarkan
agama Kristian dan
kedatangan Vasco da Gama
dan Lopez de Sequeira.
· Kesan penjajahan:
masyarakat Serani hasil
perkahwinan orang Portugis
dan tempatan, perkataan
‘almari’, ‘tuala’ dan ‘garpu’,
tarian dan nyanyian serta
binaan seperti A Famosa
dan gereja St. Paul.
Belanda
· Menjajah Melaka dari 1641.
· Tujuan ke timur untuk
memonopoli perdagangan
rempah dan bijih timah serta
menghapuskan pengaruh
Portugis.
· Menyerahkan Melaka pada
Inggeris melalui Perjanjian
Inggeris-Belanda.
Jepun
· Menjajah Tanah Melayu dari
1942 hingga 1945.
· Kejayaan kalahkan Inggeris
kerana: Inggeris tidak sedia
berperang, tentera laut
Inggeris lemah, Jepun begitu
bersedia, kelebihan tentera
Jepun dan lewat bantuan
dari London.
· Sebab menjajah: ingin
wujudkan ideologi ‘Asia
Untuk Orang Asia’, dan
memonopoli sumber
ekonomi.
· Kesan penjajahan: penduduk
menderita kurang makanan,
perdagangan lumpuh,
matawang tidak bernilai,
wujud kesedaran politik,
permusuhan antara orang
Melayu dan Cina, komunis
berleluasa, orang Cina
ditindas, orang Melayu dan
India jadi buruh paksa serta
sistem pendidikan ala Jepun
diperkenalkan.
Inggeris
· Negeri awal diduduki ialah
Pulau Pinang pada 11 Ogos
1786.
· Sebab campurtangan
Inggeris: memerlukan bahan
mentah kerana revolusi
industri di England, menjaga
kepentingan pedagang
Inggeris, risau monopoli
kuasa Eropah dan Rusia
untuk bahan mentah, kacau-
bilau di Tanah Melayu,
kongsi gelap Cina dan
kegiatan lanun di Selat
Melaka.
· Mewujudkan Negeri Selat
(Pulau Pinang, Melaka,
Singapura), Negeri Melayu
Bersekutu (Negeri Sembilan,
Pahang, Perak dan
Selangor) dan Negari
Melayu Tidak Bersekutu
(Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan,
Terengganu).
· Memperkenalkan sistem
Residen di Negeri Melayu
Bersekutu.
Penjajahan
Kuasa
Asing
Ringkasan Bab 1: Sejarah Awal Malaysia

05 1003chap1

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