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Chopra Meindl Chapter 10
1.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 10 Coordination in a Supply Chain Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
2.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Learning Objectives • Describe supply chain coordination and the bullwhip effect, and their impact on supply chain performance. • Identify obstacles to coordination in a supply chain. • Discuss managerial levers that help achieve coordination in a supply chain. • Understand the different forms of collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment possible in a supply chain. Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
3.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Lack of Supply Chain Coordination and the Bullwhip Effect • Supply chain coordination – all stages of the chain take actions that are aligned and increase total supply chain surplus • Requires that each stage share information and take into account the effects of its actions on the other stages • Lack of coordination results when: Objectives of different stages conflict Information moving between stages is delayed or distorted Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
4.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Bullwhip Effect • Fluctuations in orders increase as they move up the supply chain from retailers to wholesalers to manufacturers to suppliers • Distorts demand information within the supply chain • Results from a loss of supply chain coordination Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
5.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Demand at Different Stages Figure 10-1 Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
6.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. The Effect on Performance • Supply chain lacks coordination if each stage optimizes only its local objective • Reduces total profits • Performance measures include Manufacturing cost Inventory cost Replenishment lead time Transportation cost Labor cost for shipping and receiving Level of product availability Relationships across the supply chain Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
7.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. The Effect on Performance Performance Measure Impact of the Lack of Coordination Manufacturing cost Increases Inventory cost Increases Replenishment lead time Increases Transportation cost Increases Shipping and receiving cost Increases Level of product availability Decreases Profitability Decreases Table 10-1 Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
8.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Obstacles to Coordination in a Supply Chain • Incentive Obstacles • Information Processing Obstacles • Operational Obstacles • Pricing Obstacles • Behavioral Obstacles Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
9.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Incentive Obstacles • Occur when incentives offered to different stages or participants in a supply chain lead to actions that increase variability and reduce total supply chain profits • Local optimization within functions or stages of a supply chain • Sales force incentives Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
10.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Information Processing Obstacles • When demand information is distorted as it moves between different stages of the supply chain, leading to increased variability in orders within the supply chain • Forecasting based on orders, not customer demand • Lack of information sharing Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
11.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Operational Obstacles • Occur when placing and filling orders lead to an increase in variability • Ordering in large lots • Large replenishment lead times • Rationing and shortage gaming Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
12.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Operational Obstacles Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra Figure 10-2
13.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Pricing Obstacles • When pricing policies for a product lead to an increase in variability of orders placed • Lot-size based quantity decisions • Price fluctuations Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
14.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Pricing Obstacles Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra Figure 10-3
15.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Behavioral Obstacles • Problems in learning within organizations that contribute to information distortion Each stage of the supply chain views its actions locally and is unable to see the impact of its actions on other stages Different stages of the supply chain react to the current local situation rather than trying to identify the root causes Different stages of the supply chain blame one another for the fluctuations No stage of the supply chain learns from its actions over time A lack of trust among supply chain partners causes them to be opportunistic at the expense of overall supply chain performance Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
16.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Managerial Levers to Achieve Coordination • Aligning goals and incentives • Improving information accuracy • Improving operational performance • Designing pricing strategies to stabilize orders • Building strategic partnerships and trust Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
17.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Aligning Goals and Incentives • Align goals and incentives so that every participant in supply chain activities works to maximize total supply chain profits • Align goals across the supply chain • Align incentives across functions • Pricing for coordination • Alter sales force incentives from sell-in (to the retailer) to sell-through (by the retailer) Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
18.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Improving Information Visibility and Accuracy • Sharing point of sale data • Implementing collaborative forecasting and planning • Designing single-stage control of replenishment Continuous replenishment programs (CRP) Vendor managed inventory (VMI) Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
19.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Improving Operational Performance • Reducing replenishment lead time • Reducing lot sizes • Rationing based on past sales and sharing information to limit gaming Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
20.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Designing Pricing Strategies to Stabilize Orders • Encouraging retailers to order in smaller lots and reduce forward buying • Moving from lot size-based to volume-based quantity discounts • Stabilizing pricing • Building strategic partnerships and trust Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
21.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Continuous Replenishment and Vendor- Managed Inventories • A single point of replenishment • CRP – wholesaler or manufacturer replenishes based on POS data • VMI – manufacturer or supplier is responsible for all decisions regarding inventory • Substitutes Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
22.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) • Sellers and buyers in a supply chain may collaborate along any or all of the following Strategy and planning Demand and supply management Execution Analysis • Retail event collaboration • DC replenishment collaboration Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
23.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Common CPFR Scenarios CPFR Scenario Where Applied in Supply Chain Industries Where Applied Retail event collaboration Highly promoted channels or categories All industries other than those that practice EDLP DC replenishment collaboration Retail DC or distributor DC Drugstores, hardware, grocery Store replenishment collaboration Direct store delivery or retail DC-to-store delivery Mass merchants, club stores Collaborative assortment planning Apparel and seasonal goods Department stores, specialty retail Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra Table 10-2
24.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) • Store replenishment collaboration • Collaborative assortment planning • Organizational and technology requirements for successful CPFR • Risks and hurdles for a CPFR implementation Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
25.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) Figure 10-4 Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
26.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Learning Objectives • Quantify the bullwhip effect • Get top management commitment for coordination • Devote resources to coordination • Focus on communication with other stages • Try to achieve coordination in the entire supply chain network • Use technology to improve connectivity in the supply chain • Share the benefits of coordination equitably Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
27.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Summary of Learning Objectives • Describe supply chain coordination and the bullwhip effect, and their impact on supply chain performance • Identify obstacles to coordination in a supply chain • Discuss managerial levers that help achieve coordination in a supply chain • Understand the different forms of CPFR possible in a supply chain Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
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