The document provides an overview of the history of nursing education at St. Luke's Hospital and Presbyterian Hospital in Chicago from 1900-1920. It describes how nursing training transitioned from an apprenticeship model to a formalized hospital-based education system following the Nightingale model. The document also summarizes the curriculums, clinical experiences, rules and paths of early graduates from the nursing programs at St. Luke's and Presbyterian hospitals.
6. 3,200 women serve the union as nurses during the U.S. Civil WarFrom Our home physician: a new and popular guide to the art of preserving health and treating disease; with plain advice for all the medical and surgical emergencies of the family, by George Miller Beard,1875on the Internet Archive. OCLC-id 7747558.
11. Loose, short dresses and bobbed hairMandolin, Banjo, and Guitar Club Cap and Gown Yearbook of the University of Chicago, 1895. Rush University Medical Center Archives On the roof of St. Luke’s Hospital Dorothea McMillan Scrapbook, Group Photos Collection, P4543J Rush University Medical Center Archives
16. Home for nursesFrom Notes on Nursing: What it is and what it is not, by Florence Nightingale,1860on the Internet Archive. LAGE-2533155.
17. Nightingale Model Training Schools First U.S. training schools form in 1873 Connecticut Training School, New Haven, CT Boston Training School in Boston, MA Bellevue Hospital Training School in New York, NY Bellevue Hospital Nursery (l) and School Pin (r) Both images from Bellevue : a short history of Bellevue Hospital and of the training schools, by Mrs. William Preston Griffin and Mrs. William Henry Osborn, 1915. Available on the Internet Archive. ID: bellevueshorthis00grif
18. Hospitals 1873—178 1903—over 1,700 Nursing Schools 1880—15 1893—225 1900—432 1910—1,000 Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes 1850 Rush Medical College Annual Announcement Annual Announcements Digital Collection, Rush University Medical Center Archives Numbers from The Emergence of Modern Nursing, 1969 The Rise of Hospitals and Nursing Schools in the United States
19. St. Luke’s Hospital Presbyterian Hospital of the City of Chicago Digital Postcards Collection, Rush University Medical Center Archives Rush’s Predecessor Hospitals
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21. A partnership between Civil War nurses and Grace Episcopal Church
29. Merged with Presbyterian Hospital School of Nursing in 1956
30. Last graduates 19591887 Class Composite, St. Luke’s School of Nursing Class Composites Digital Collection, Rush University Medical Center Archives St. Luke’s Hospital Training School for Nurses
31. Rush Medical College, 1890 Digital Photographs Collection, 2010-02 Rush University Medical Center Archives Cook County Hospital, 1896 Facilities Digital Photographs Collection, P371 Rush University Medical Center Archives Presbyterian Hospital
34. Founded to provide surgical and medical care to “sick and disabled persons of every creed, nationality, and color.”
35. Became Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Hospital in 1956Presbyterian Hospital, 1914 Digital image collection, Rush University Medical Center Archives Presbyterian Hospital
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37. Led by Bellevue graduates during its entire affiliation with Presbyterian Hospital
39. Severed ties with Presbyterian Hospital due to heavy workloadPupils from the Illinois Training School for Nurses prepare an operating room at Presbyterian Hospital in 1898. Photo 4051. Group Portraits Collection, Rush University Medical Center Archives. The original nurses of Presbyterian Hospital
46. Served 900 hospital beds at Presbyterian and Cook CountyNicholas Senn Surgery Clinic, Rush Medical College. 1898. Photo 3549. Subject Group Portraits Collection, Rush University Medical Center Archives. Illinois Training School for Nurses at Presbyterian, 1883-1903
51. Merged with St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing in 1956
52. Last graduates 1959First graduating class of Presbyterian Hospital School of Nursing, 1906 Class composites digital collection. Rush University Medical Center Archives
54. Student life at St. Luke’s Tennis Court at Stickney House, 1920 St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing Annual Announcement, 1920. “On Break,” Dorothea McMillan Scrapbook, 1923 Group Photo Collection 4543c Rush University Medical Center Archives
62. Must attend morning prayer in the chapelEvening Fest with Cocoa at St. Luke’s, circa 1910 Group Portraits Series, Photo P4637, Rush University Medical Center Archives
66. First lectures by hospital doctors included practical topics: “Children’s diseases” “Germs” “Wounds and their healing” Nursing pupils preparing for surgery Ann Springer Scrapbook, 1915 Rush University Medical Center Archives
77. Presbyterian student life Nursing Students on Sprague roof 1920 PHSN Yearbook Rush University Medical Center Archives Pupils on the front steps of the PHSN Nurses’ Home, circa 1910 Fiftieth Anniversary of the School of Nursing of the Presbyterian Hospital , Chicago Rush University Medical Center Archives
80. Rush Medical College trained pupils in subject ordinarily taught in a medical school
81. Use of its laboratories, classrooms, and libraryBacteriology Class, 1907 Presbyterian Hospital Annual Report, 1907 Rush University Medical Center Archives Rush Medical College Laboratory Building Pulse Yearbook, 1895. Rush University Medical Center Archives
93. Prepare surgical materialsPreparing Surgical Supplies, 1907 Presbyterian Hospital Annual Report, 1907RushUniversity Medical Center Archives Presbyterian clinical experience
94. Private Duty Nursing Public Health Nursing Marriage and motherhood Hospital Leadership Nursing Education St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing Class of 1903. Class Composites Digital Collection, Rush University Medical Center Archives.. Common paths for nursing graduates
95. Survey of Student Directories, 1915 1900-1915 554 students 327 SLHSN 227 PHSN Presbyterian Hospital Annual Report, 1915 Rush University Medical Center Archives
96. Presbyterian Hospital Annual Report, 1915 Rush University Medical Center Archives St. Luke’s Hospital Annual Report, 1915 Rush University Medical Center Archives Private Duty Nursing—46%
101. Standard fees $30 a week for standard nursing in Chicago, 1917
102. Private duty nurses must be granted 8 hours of rest at night and 2 hours of rest during the dayFredrica Stewart, RN and Hilda K. Twedten, R.N. Private Duty Nurses in Chicago PHSN Class of 1911 Class Composites Digital Collection, Rush University Medical Center Archives Private Duty Nursing
103. Discussion at a 1914 American Nurses Association Meeting: Private Duty Nursing Section praised their work as an ability to combine all facets of the nursing profession into one duty. The Alumnae newsletter, St. Luke’s School of Nursing, May 1914. Rush University Medical Center Archives Mary Gertrude Phillpotts, SLHSN 1892– A private duty nurse: “So wearing, so monotonous… our duties are those that could be performed by an intelligent chamber maid. Our time is largely taken up in amusing the patient.” St. Luke’s graduate, 1892 Class Composites Digital Collection, Rush University Medical Center Archives The Alumnae newsletter, St. Luke’s School of Nursing, October 1910. Rush University Medical Center Archives Private Duty Nurses discuss their work
104. About 5% of graduates Harriet Fulmer, 1895 SLHSN graduate Chicago Visiting Nurses Association Divided into districts, overseen by Superintendent $45-$60 a month—8 hour days “Refinement and culture” of nurses Typical day Harriet Fullmer, 1925 Individual Portraits, P2083 Rush University Medical Center Archives Public Health Nursing
105. Marriage & Motherhood Ann Springer Scrapbook, 1915 Rush University Medical Center Archives St. Luke’s Hospital Annual Report, 1915 Rush University Medical Center Archives
106. Left “on account of her getting married.” Presbyterian Hospital Annual Report, 1915 Rush University Medical Center Archives Ann Springer Scrapbook, 1915 Rush University Medical Center Archives 19% of graduates were married in 1915
107. Hospital Leadership About 5% of graduates were head nurses or surgical nurses at hospitals Newborn Nursery at Presbyterian Hospital, 1910 Subject digital collection, P2379. Rush University Medical Center Archives
108. Caroline Geiken PHSN, 1911 Head Nurse, Washington University Hospital, St. Louis, MO Digital class composites collection, Rush University Medical Center Archives Alice Bowen PHSN, 1909 Head Nurse, Presbyterian Hospital Digital class composites collection, Rush University Medical Center Archives Hospital Leadership
109. Louise Spohr, SLHSN, 1902 Instructress of Nurses Moline Public Hospital Moline, IL Jane Craig, SLHSN, 1904 Superintendent, Western Hospital Training School Montreal, Ontario, CA Faye Jackson, PHSN, 1907 Instructor, Presbyterian Hospital Chicago, IL Lina Davis PHSN, 1907 Instructor, Pasadena Training School Pasadena, CA Digital class composites collection, Rush University Medical Center Archives AddaEldredge, SLHSN 1899 Supervisor of Preliminary Course, SLHSN Ann Springer Scrapbook, 1915 Rush University Medical Center Archives Nurse Educators—About 1%
110. Legacy First Graduates, Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing, 1960 First Graduates, Rush University College of Nursing, 1975 Digital class composites collection, Rush University Medical Center Archives
111. Thank You Nathalie Wheaton Christine Frank Jeanne Link Judith Dzierba Molly Merrill Sarah Scheinman Gloria Ballard Katelyn Meehan St.Luke’s Hospital Ward, 1910 Facilities Photo Collection, P752 Rush University Medical Center Archives
112. Questions? Heather J. Stecklein, MLS, MA, CA Librarian/Archivist Rush University Medical Center Archives Rush_Archives@rush.edu 312-942-7214 http://www.lib.rush.edu/archives/
Notas del editor
Longfellow: The Lady of the LampFaithfully, intelligently, and competently execute orders of menPractice the art of cleanliness, food, etc.Home for nurses: Moral training. Students mothered by the nurse in charge. Head nurses teach pupils at the hospital.Pupils paid with training. After 6 months, pupils sent out to private homes for private duty. Money goes to school.
IL General Hospital of the Lakes 12 bed hospitalClinical experience for Rush students3rd floor of Lake House Hotel (North bank Chicago River)Sisters of Mercy served as helpers to doctorsLack of funds—Passed over to Sisters of Mercy in 1851—Became Mercy Hospital
Initially a seven-bed hospital with 4 untrained nurses (2 men, 2 women)
Remember, there are only 15 training schools in 1880.
Rush moves to West Side to be near Cook County. Even use the same architect, John C. Cochrane.
Isabel Hampton, Bellevue 1883 graduate. Later became the first president of American Nurses’ Association.Hampton increased scientific education of the school. Believed that nurses should intelligently attend to patients as a “watchful presence.”Beds increased from 40 to 200 between 1888 and 1903
Living quarters various temporary locations until Stickney House built in 1898. Accommodations for 50 nurses. Junior students in Saranack house.Pre-1920 Leisure highlights included private parlors, a tennis court, and a movie projector. $8 a month first year and $12 a month second year UniformsProbies wore a simple cotton dress—not in the school colors. Later a blue fabric provided by school.Special Blue precale imported form Scotland. High collar long cuffs. Before 1912, outdoor uniform included a grey cape and veil.Cap based on the organza cap of Bellevue (as was a similar cap for ITSN) From 1896 on, senior students embroidered a blue cross on the left sleeve of each uniform Entry requirements:1900: 21-31 years oldA letter from a clergyman about her moral character and a physician saying she is of sound health.1913 additions: Married women not admitted—even if they are separated or divorced!, good teeth and vaccinations
Early students: “There were few classes, much work and no time to study.” Classes were during “free time” and there was rarely a spare hour to study.
Hard sciences start to become part of the curriculum. 1880s, hospitals start to steam sterilize against bacteria.
7:45A.M. to 7:45P.M. Meals, rest, and exercise allowed when not interfering with duty. Night shift is in one month assignmentsYounger students: Assist with care of patients + dusting and cleaning of all furniture + going on rounds in ambulancesSenior students: Administering medicine, changing dressings, going on rounds with doctors.Time off was two hours daily, four hours on Sunday, and one afternoon each week.
World’s fair $25 a month—one month shifts. Nursed king of Norway, and a good number of babies born at their mobile hospital by the Japanese gardens
Original Student home consisted of two refurbished houses at the corner of Ashland and Congress. Held 40-50 faculty and studentsTook over the hospital floor by floorSprague completed in 1915 on Congress. Rooftop tea room and grand piano.Probies: Plain dress that isn’t blue and white like the full students. Preliminary cap due to work at dispensaries. (a new concept)Admission Requirements in 1903: Between 20-30 years old. Physically fit. Good moral character. All creeds welcome, but you need to be practicing. Must be a high school graduate (not a common requirement until 1930s).
10:00 curfew.Noiseless shoes.All weather gear.
Most schools were four months or two months in 1903Probies didn’t see hospital patients. Prelim courses (for probies) included domestic science, cooking, care of household items, and sewing. Prelim experience included home visits and practical work at free dispensary. $25 probie tuition.
Probie: 6 hours a day of supervised practical work at VNA home or Free Dispensary. 2 hours of classwork.Senior students: Assist with preparation of dietetic meals. 8 hours of practical duty/day. Operations and special duties required longer hours. 6 weeks of vacation but no other days off (unless special permission).8 hour day uncommonly short 1905 ASSTN study showed that most schools used 12 hour shifts.\\McMillan studied deaths of students on long shifts. Firmly believed 8 hours superior.
Phillpotts continued that bored private nurses turn to gossip. She suggested charitable work or other careers. Nursing training is never a waste. She went on to district work.
Harriet Fullmer defines it “cares for the sick poor in their own homes, when by reason of surrounding circumstances the patient may not be sent to a hospital.”Typical day: See excerpt
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