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Lect 2 Microbial Growth.ppt
1.
Microbial Growth
2.
Microbial growth: Increase
in cell number, not cell size! Temperature Minimum growth temperature Optimum growth temperature Maximum growth temperature Microbial Growth
3.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Groups based on optimum growth temperature 1. Psychrophiles: capable of growth in low temperatures 2. Psychrotrophs: cold-tolerant bacteria 3. Mesophiles: grows best in moderate temperature 4. Thermophiles: thrives at relatively high temperatures 5. Hyperthermophiles: lives in extremely hot environments
4.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Growth of Bacterial Cultures Bacteria reproduce by binary fission exponential growth Few bacterial species reproduce by Budding Form a small initial outgrowth (a bud) that enlarges until its size approaches that of parent cell Then bud separates
6.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Binary Fission in bacateria
7.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Generation time also known as doubling time Time required for cell to divide (and its population to double) One cell’s division produce two cells, two cell’s division produce four cells and so on Number of cells in each generation is expressed as a power of 2 Varies considerably among organisms and with environmental conditions Ranges from 20 min (E. coli) to > 24h (M. tuberculosis)
8.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bacterial Growth Curve Phases of growth Lag phase Exponential or logarithmic (log) phase Stationary phase Death phase (decline phase)
9.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lag Phase The little or no cell division phase The number of cells changes very little because cells do not immediately reproduce in a new medium But, the cells are not dormant Period of intense metabolic activity Synthesis of enzymes and various molecules take place in this phase
11.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Log Phase In this phase, cells begins to divide and enters a period of growth Cells are most active metabolically and actively multiplying Micro-organisms are sensitive to adverse conditions e.g radiations, antimicrobial drugs
12.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stationary Phase Period of equilibrium The number of new cells balances the number of microbial deaths The depletion of nutrients, accumulation of waste products and harmful changes in pH, play role to stop exponential growth Population can be kept in exponential growth in an apparatus called Chemostat where fresh medium is added and spent medium is drained off constantly
13.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Death Phase Population enters the death phase or logarithmic decline phase Number of death exceed the number of new cells formed This phase continues until population is diminished to tiny fraction or dies out entirely
14.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control of Microbial Growth Sterilization: Removal of all microbial life including spores For food: Commercial sterilization to kill C. botulinum endospores Sanitization: reduces microbial numbers to safe levels (e.g.: eating utensils) Bacteriostatic: Inhibits bacterial reproduction Bactericidal: Kills bacteria
15.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Treatment Depends on Time it takes to kill a microbial population is proportional to number of microbes. Microbial species and life cycle phases (e.g.: endospores) have different susceptibilities to physical and chemical controls. Organic matter may interfere with heat treatments and chemical control agents. Exposure time: Longer exposure to lower heat produces same effect as shorter time at higher heat.
16.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Actions of Microbial Control Agents Alternation of membrane permeability Damage to proteins Damage to nucleic acids
17.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical Methods of Microbial Control Heat is very effective (fast and cheap). Thermal death point (TDP): Lowest temperature at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10 min. Thermal death time (TDT): Time to kill all cells in a culture Decimal Reduction Time (DRT): Minutes to kill 90% of a population at a given temperature
18.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Moist Heat Sterilization Denatures proteins Autoclave: Steam under pressure Most dependable sterilization method Steam must directly contact material to be sterilized. Normal autoclave conditions: 121C for 15 min.
19.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pasteurization Significant number reduction (esp. spoilage and pathogenic organisms) does not sterilize! Historical goal: destruction of M. tuberculosis Classic holding method: 63C for 30 min Flash pasteurization: 72C for 15 sec. Ultra High Temperature: 140C for < 1 sec.
20.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hot-air Autoclave Equivalent treatments 170˚C, 2 hr 121˚C, 15 min Dry heat sterilization kills by oxidation Flaming of loop Incineration of dead bodies o animals Anthrax Foot and mouth disease Bird flu Hot-air sterilization
21.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Filtration Air filtration using high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters. Effective to 0.3 m Membrane filters for fluids. Pore size for bacteria: 0.2 – 0.4 m Pore size for viruses: 0.01 m Fig 7.4
22.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Low Temperature Slows enzymatic reactions inhibits microbial growth Freezing forms ice crystals that damage microbial cells Various Other Methods High pressure in liquids denatures bacterial proteins and preserves flavor Desiccation prevents metabolism
23.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ionizing Radiation X-rays, -rays, electron beams dislodge e- from atoms production of free radicals and other highly reactive molecules Sterilization of heat sensitive materials: drugs, vitamins, herbs, Also used as “cold pasteurization” of food
24.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most effective wave legnth ~ 260 nm Effect: thymine dimers Actively dividing organisms are more sensitive Used to limit air and surface contamination. Use at close range to directly exposed microorganisms Nonionizing Radiation: UV light
25.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Methods of Microbial Control Few chemical agents achieve sterility Consider presence of organic matter, degree of contact with microorganisms, and temperature
26.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Disinfectants Phenolics: Cresols (Lysol) - disinfectant Bisphenols Hexachlorophene hospitals, surgeries, nurseries Triclosan (toothpaste, antibacerial soaps, etc.) Phenol and derivatives disrupt plasma membranes and lipid rich cell walls
27.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chlorine Oxidizing agent Widely used as disinfectant Forms bleach (hypochlorous acid) when added to water. Broad spectrum, not sporicidal (pools, drinking water) Iodine More reactive, more germicidal. Alters protein synthesis and membranes. Tincture of iodine (solution with alcohol) wound antiseptic Iodophors combined with an organic molecule iodine detergent complex (e.g. Betadine®). Occasional skin sensitivity, partially inactivated by organic debris, poor sporicidal activity.
28.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Etanol (70% solutions) and isopropyl alcohol Denature proteins, dissolve lipids No activity against spores and poorly effective against viruses and fungi Easily inactivated by organic debris Also used in hand sanitizers and cosmetics Table 7.6 Alcohols
29.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Soaps and Detergents Major purpose of soap: Mechanical removal and use as wetting agent Surface Acting Ingredients / Surfactants Soap Degerming Acid-anionic detergents Sanitizing Quarternary ammonium compounds (detergents) Strongly bactericidal, denature proteins, disrupt plasma membrane
30.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sulfur dioxide wine Organic acids Inhibit metabolism Sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and calcium propionate Control molds and bacteria in foods and cosmetics Sodium nitrate and nitrite prevents endospore germination In meats, Conversion to nitrosamine (carcinogenic) Chemical Food Preservatives
31.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Aldehydes (alkylating agents) Inactivate proteins by cross-linking with sulydhral functional groups Glutaraldehyde: used for surgical instruments Formaldehyde: Virus inactivation for vaccines Chemical Sterilants for heat sensitive material Denature proteins Ethylene oxide Aldehydes and Chemical Sterilants
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