PARTS OF SPEECH

2. why we study english ?
• English is the official language of 53 countries. That is a lot of people
to meet and speak to.
• English is spoken as a first language by around 400 million people
around the world.
• English is the language of the media industry.

3. why we study english grammar?
• We encounter ambiguity, and unintelligible (impossible) to
understand speech or writing. To deal with these problems, we need
to put grammar under the microscope and work out what went
wrong.
• This is especially critical when children are learning to emulate the
standards used by educated adult members of their community.

4. Part of Speech
• Noun
• Pronoun
• Verb
• Adverb
• Adjective
• Conjunction
• Preposition
• Interjection.

5. 1. Noun
• This part of a speech refers to words that are used to name persons, things,
animals, places, ideas, or events. Nouns are the simplest among the 8 parts of
speech, which is why they are the first ones taught to students in primary
school.
• Examples:
• Tom Hanks is very versatile.
• The italicized noun refers to a name of a person.
• Dogs can be extremely cute.
• In this example, the italicized word is considered a noun because it names an
animal.
• It is my birthday.
• The word “birthday” is a noun which refers to an event.

6. There are different types of nouns namely:
• Proper– proper nouns always start with a capital letter and refers to
specific names of persons, places, or things.
• Examples: Volkswagen Beetle, Shakey’s Pizza, Game of Thrones
• Common– common nouns are the opposite of proper nouns. These
are just generic names of persons, things, or places.
• Examples: car, pizza parlor, TV series
• Concrete– this kind refers to nouns which you can perceive through
your five senses.
• Examples: folder, sand, board

7. • Abstract- unlike concrete nouns, abstract nouns are those which you can’t
perceive through your five senses.
• Examples: happiness, grudge, bravery
• Count– it refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural
form.
• Examples: kitten, video, ball
• Mass– this is the opposite of count nouns. Mass nouns are also called non-
countable nouns, and they need to have “counters” to quantify them.
• Examples of Counters: kilo, cup, meter
• Examples of Mass Nouns: rice, flour, garter
• Collective– refers to a group of persons, animals, or things.
• Example: faculty (group of teachers), class (group of students), pride
(group of lions)

8. NOUN-CASES is another topic which comes under NOUN. The CASE of a noun
tells us about the position of that noun in a sentence. In English there are FIVE
CASES.
• They are:
• • Nominative case
• • Objective case (or Accusative case)
• • Dative case
• • Possessive case (or Genitive case)
• • Vocative case

9. • 1. Nominative case:
• A noun is said to be in the Nominative case if it is the subject of a verb.
(SUBJECT is the person or the thing who or which carries out the action
of the verb in the sentence)
• Examples:
• • Mr. Ram is an intelligent boy.
• Mr. Ram is a proper noun in Nominative case.
• • The painter paints the portraits.
• The painter is a common noun in Nominative case.
• I am buying vegetables for my family.
• “I" is a pronoun in Nominative case.
• These examples carry another term "pronoun" which is a word used to
represent a noun.

10. • For example:
• I, We, You, He, She, it and they are the seven pronouns.
• There are only seven pronouns.
• Only other variations of these seven pronouns are there.
• Those variations can be used in place of the nouns.
• 2. Objective case (or Accusative case):
• Nouns or pronouns are said to be in Objective cases if they are the
direct objects of verbs or if they are the objects of preposition. (Direct
object is the person or the thing upon whom or upon which the
action of the verb is carried out).

11. • Examples:
• I met your sister.
• “Your sister" is in objective case.
• • The vendors sell mangoes.
• “Mangoes" is in objective case.
• • The book is on the table.
• “Table" is in objective case.
• It is object of the preposition ‘on’.
• • This is one of my policies.
• “Policies" is in objective case.
• It is object of the preposition ‘of’.

12. • 3. Dative case:
A noun is said to be in dative case if it is the Indirect object of the
verb. (Indirect object of the verb is the noun for whom or for which the
action of the verb is carried out). There should not be a preposition before
the indirect object because in that case it will be the object of that
preposition.
• Examples:
• The teacher gave the students few exercises.
• “Students" is in dative case. It is the indirect object of the verb ‘give’.
• The Postman brought me a letter.
• “Me" is in dative case.
• Get him a pen.
• “Him" is in dative case.

13. • 4. Possessive case (Genitive case):
• A noun is said to be in possessive case, if it denotes possession or
ownership. A noun or pronoun in the possessive case is governed by
the noun that follows it.
• Examples:
• This is your pencil.
• (“Your" is in possessive case.
• It is our idea.
• “Our" is in possessive case.
• John’s sister has been hospitalized.
• “John’s" is in possessive case.

14. • 5. Vocative case:
• A noun or a pronoun is said to be in Vocative case if it is used to call (or to get the
attention of) a person or persons.
• Examples:
• Mr. Bill, students are waiting for you in the main hall.
• “Mr. Bill" is in vocative case.
• You there, stand up.
• “You" is in vocative case.
• Brother, a letter for you.
• “Brother" is in vocative case.
• Chairman, all the letters are posted two days ago.
• “Chairman" is in vocative case.
• The nouns do not change their forms in the Nominative and Objective cases. But few
pronouns change their forms between Nominative and Objective cases.

15. • Nominative case ________Objective case_________ Possessive case
• 1. I __________________ me__________________ my
• 2. We_________________us____________________our
• 3. You________________ You___________________your
• 4. He_________________ him____________________his
• 5. She_________________her_____________________her
• 6. It___________________it_______________________its
• 7. They_________________them______________________their

16. pronon
• A pronoun is a part of a speech which functions as a replacement for
a noun. Some examples of pronouns are: I, it, he, she, mine, his, hers,
we, they, theirs, and ours.
• Sample Sentences:
• Janice is a very stubborn child. She just stared at me and when I told
her to stop.
• The largest slice is mine.
• We are number one.
• ANTICEDENT:the noun which replace by pronoun is called anticedent

17. Personal pronouns
• Personal pronouns are used in place of nouns referring to specific
people or things, for example I, me, mine, you, yours, his, her, hers,
we, they, or them. They can be divided into various different
categories according to their role in a sentence, as follows:
• subjective pronouns
• objective pronouns
• possessive pronouns
• reflexive pronoun

18. • Subjective pronouns
• The personal pronouns I, you, we, he, she, it, and they are known as
subjective pronouns because they act as the subjects of verbs:
• She saw Catherine.
• We drove Nick home.
• I waved at her.
• Objective pronouns
• The personal pronouns me, you, us, him, her, it, and them are called
objective pronouns because they act as the objects of verbs and
prepositions:
• Catherine saw her.
• Nick drove us home.
• She waved at me.

19. • Possessive pronouns
• The personal pronouns mine, yours, hers, his, ours, and theirs are known as
possessive pronouns: they refer to something owned by the speaker or by
someone or something previously mentioned. For example:
• That book is mine.
• John’s eyes met hers.
• Ours is a family farm.
• Reflexive pronouns
• Reflexive personal pronouns include myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, and themselves. These are used to refer back to the subject of the
clause in which they are used:
• I fell and hurt myself.
• Daisy prepared herself for the journey.
• The children had to look after themselves.

20. Antecedents
• An antecedent is a noun or noun phrase that you mention at the
beginning of a sentence or story and later replace with a pronoun. In
the examples below, the antecedent is highlighted and the pronoun
that replaces it is bolded.
• My drives me nuts, but I love them. The was too far away
for Henry to read it. said she is almost finished with the
application.

21. VERB
This is the most important part of a speech, for without a verb, a sentence
would not exist. Simply put, this is a word that shows an action (physical or
mental) or state of being of the subject in a sentence.
• Examples of “State of Being Verbs” : am, is, was, are, and were
Sample Sentences:
• As usual, the Stormtroopers missed their shot.
• The italicized word missed expresses the action of the subject
“Stormtroopers.”
• They are always prepared in emergencies.
• The verb “are” refers to the state of being of the pronoun “they,” which is
the subject in the sentence

22. Physical Verbs(ACTION VERB)
• Physical verbs are action verbs. They describe specific physical
actions. If you can create a motion with your body or use a tool to
complete an action, the word you use to describe it is most likely a
physical verb.
Examples
• The physical verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for
easy identification.
• Let’s run to the corner and back.
• I hear the train coming.
• Call me when you’re finished with class

23. States of Being Verbs – LINKING
Also known as linking verbs, state of being verbs describe conditions or
situations that exist. State of being verbs are inactive since no action is
being performed. These verbs are usually complemented by adjectives.
• States of Being Verb Examples
• The state of being verbs in the following sentences are in bold for
easy identification.
• I am a student.
• We are circus performers.
• Please is quiet.

24. Helping and Modal Auxiliary Verbs
• Helping verbs or auxiliary verbs such as will, shall, may, might, can,
could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need are used in
conjunction with main verbs to express shades of time and mood.
The combination of helping verbs with main verbs creates what are
called verb phrases or verb strings. In the following sentence, "will
have been" are helping or auxiliary verbs and "studying" is the main
verb; the whole verb string is underlined:
• As of next August, I will have been studying chemistry for ten years.

25. • Shall, will and forms of have, do and be combine with main verbs to
indicate time and voice. As auxiliaries, the verbs be, have and do can
change form to indicate changes in subject and time.
• I shall go now.
• He had won the election.
• They did write that novel together.
• I am going now.
• He was winning the election.
• They have been writing that novel for a long time.

26. Types of Verbs
• In addition to the main categories of physical verbs, mental verbs,
and state of being verbs, there are several other types of verbs. In
fact, there are more than ten different types of verbs that are
grouped by function

27. ACTION VERB
• Action Verbs are verbs that express action. Ex: run, walk, do, drive.
• I’ll do my homework when I get home.
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs:
Most action verbs are defined as transitive or intransitive. This means
that some are used with a direct object (the person or thing that
receives the action of the subject) and others don’t need a direct
object. Some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive depending
on their meaning.

28. • Transitive Verbs
• Transitive verbs always receive a direct object:
• Richard annoys his boss so much that he’ll never get a promotion.
• (His boss is the direct object of annoys and a promotion is the direct object
of get)
• Jenna brings Mrs. Smith lunch every day.
• (Mrs. Smith is the direct object of brings. Jenna is the subject.
• Here’s a list of some common transitive verbs that must be followed by a
direct object:
• bring,send,owe,contain,buy,show,take,tell,verify,check,get,wash,finalize,an
noy,lay,lend,offer,edit,make,phone

29. Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive verbs do not need a direct object in order to complete their meaning. Many are
followed by an adjective, adverb, preposition or verb complement (gerund or infinitive).
• Here is a list of common intransitive verbs:
• come,explode,laughs,it,rise,excel,respond,run,cough,swim,emigrate,smile,act,cry,immigr
ate,lie,arrive,continue,die,go
• If Cathy continues to be late for work, the boss will fire her.
• (Continues is followed by an infinitive (to be), with no direct object.)
• The bomb exploded in the city center.
• (Exploded is followed by a preposition of place with no direct object.)

30. Stative Verbs
• Stative verbs are verbs that express a state rather than an action.
They usually relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses,
states of being and measurements. These verbs are not usually used
with ing in progressive (continuous) tenses even though they may
take on time expressions such as now and at the moment. We use the
simple tenses for them.
• EX
• Paul feels rotten today. He has a bad cold.
• Do you recognize him? He is a famous rock star.
• Our client appreciated all the work we did for him.

31. Modal Verbs
Modal and Modal Phrases (Semi-Modals)
• Can/could/be able to
• May/might
• Shall/should
• Must/have to
• Will/would

32. Phrasal Verbs
• A phrasal verb is a combination of words (a verb + a preposition or
verb +adverb) that when used together, usually take on a different
meaning to that of the original verb.
• EXAMPLS
• Be sure to put on a life jacket before getting into the boat.
• We left out the trash for pickup.
• It’s time to get on the plane.
• What will she think up next?
• I’m having some trouble working out the solution to this equation.

33. • Regular verbs
• Many English verbs are regular, which means that they form
their different tenses according to an established pattern. Such
verbs work like this:

34. Irregular verbs
• There are many irregular verbs that don’t follow the normal rules.
Here are the forms of some of the most common irregular verbs:

35. Articles
• What Are Articles?
• Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific.
Consider the following examples:
• After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good
• English has two types of articles: definite and indefinite. Let’s discuss
them now in more detail.

36. The Definite Article
• The definite article is the word the. It limits the meaning of a noun to
one particular thing. For example, your friend might ask, “Are you
going to the party this weekend?” The definite article tells you that
your friend is referring to a specific party that both of you know
about. The definite article can be used with singular, plural, or
uncountable nouns. Below are some examples of the definite article
the used in context

37. • Please give me the hammer.
• Please give me the red hammer; the blue one is too small.
• Please give me the nail.
• Please give me the large nail; it’s the only one strong enough to hold
this painting.
• Please give me the hammer and the nail

38. The Indefinite Article
• The indefinite article takes two forms. It’s the word a when it precedes a word
that begins with a consonant. It’s the word an when it precedes a word that
begins with a vowel. The indefinite article indicates that a noun refers to a
general idea rather than a particular thing. For example, you might ask your
friend, “Should I bring a gift to the party?” Your friend will understand that
you are not asking about a specific type of gift or a specific item. “I am going
to bring an apple pie,” your friend tells you. Again, the indefinite article
indicates that she is not talking about a specific apple pie. Your friend
probably doesn’t even have any pie yet. The indefinite article only appears
with singular nouns. Consider the following examples of indefinite articles
used in context:
• Please hand me a book; any book will do.
• Please hand me an autobiography; any autobiography will do.

39. Exceptions: Choosing A or An
• There are a few exceptions to the general rule of using a before words
that start with consonants and an before words that begin with
vowels. The first letter of the word honor, for example, is a consonant,
but it’s unpronounced. In spite of its spelling, the word honor begins
with a vowel sound. Therefore, we use an. Consider the example
sentence below for an illustration of this concept.
• incorrect -My mother is a honest woman.
• correct- My mother is an honest woman.

40. • Similarly, when the first letter of a word is a vowel but is pronounced
with a consonant sound, use a, as in the sample sentence below:
• incorrect -She is an United States senator.
• correct-he is a United States senator.
• Article Before an Adjective
• Sometimes an article modifies a noun that is also modified by an
adjective. The usual word order is article + adjective + noun. If the
article is indefinite, choose a or an based on the word that
immediately follows it. Consider the following examples for reference:
• correct-Eliza will bring a small gift to Sophie’s party.
• correct-I heard an interesting story yesterday.

41. Indefinite Articles with Uncountable Nouns
• Uncountable nouns are nouns that are either difficult or impossible to
count. Uncountable nouns include intangible things (e.g., information,
air), liquids (e.g., milk, wine), and things that are too large or
numerous to count (e.g., equipment, sand, wood). Because these
things can’t be counted, you should never use a or an with them—
remember, the indefinite article is only for singular nouns.
Uncountable nouns can be modified by words like some, however.
Consider the examples below for reference:

43. . Adverb
• Just like adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the
difference is that adverbs describe adjectives, verbs, or another
adverb.
• The different types of adverbs are:

44. • Adverb of Manner– this refers to how something happens or how an action is done.
• Example: Annie danced gracefully.
• The word “gracefully” tells how Annie danced.
• Adverb of Time- this states “when” something happens or “when” it is done.
• Example: She came yesterday.
• The italicized word tells when she “came.”
• Adverb of Place– this tells something about “where” something happens or ”where”
something is done.
• Example: Of course, I looked everywhere!
• The adverb “everywhere” tells where I “looked.”
• Adverb of Degree– this states the intensity or the degree to which a specific thing
happens or is done.
• Example: The child is very talented.
• The italicized adverb answers the question, “To what degree is the child talented?”

45. . Adjective
• This part of a speech is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can specify the
quality, the size, and the number of nouns or pronouns.
• Sample Sentences:
• The carvings are intricate.
• The italicized word describes the appearance of the noun “carvings.”
• I have two hamsters.
• The italicized word “two,” is an adjective which describes the number of the noun
“hamsters.”
• Wow! That doughnut is huge!
• The italicized word is an adjective which describes the size of the noun “doughnut.”

46. 6. Preposition
• This part of a speech basically refers to words that specify location or a location in time.
• Examples of Prepositions: above, below, throughout, outside, before, near, and since
• Sample Sentences:
• micah is hiding under the bed.
• The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “under the bed,” and tells
where Micah is hiding.
• During the game, the audience never stopped cheering for their team.
• The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “during the game,” and
tells when the audience cheered.

47. 7. Conjunction
• The conjunction is a part of a speech which joins words, phrases, or clauses
together.
• Examples of Conjunctions: and, yet, but, for, nor, or, and so
• Sample Sentences:
• This cup of tea is delicious and very soothing.
• Kiyoko has to start all over again because she didn’t follow the professor’s
instructions.
• Homer always wanted to join the play, but he didn’t have the guts to audition.
• The italicized words in the sentences above are some examples of
conjunctions.

48. 8. Interjection
• This part of a speech refers to words which express emotions. Since
interjections are commonly used to convey strong emotions, they are
usually followed by an exclamation point.
• Examples of Interjections:
• Ouch! That must have hurt.
• Hurray, we won!
• Hey! I said enough!
• The bold words attached to the main sentences above are some
examples of interjections.