2. Psychodynamic
Approach to
Counseling
Counseling
By
Saira Hossain

3. Origin
Has
its origin in
the ideas of
Sigmund Freud

4. Contd.
 Freud’s
method of treatment is called
psychoanalysis.
 Psychodynamic counseling focused on anxietyrelated hysteria, disorders, depression, neuroses,
marital conflicts etc.

5. Aim
To
help clients to achieve insight &
understanding around the reason for their
problem .
To translate this insight into a mature
capacity to cope with any future difficulties.

6. Basic Constructs and Concepts
 Id,
Ego, and Superego: The three parts of the
personality.
 Ego
Defense Mechanisms: Used by the ego to reduce
anxiety associated with threatening situations or
feelings.
 Psychological
problem occurs during disruption of the
developmental stages .

7. Id , Ego & Super ego

Id
Operates on the “pleasure principle”
 Immediate gratification


Ego
Operates on the “reality principle”
 Seeks to gratify id’s impulses in realistic ways that will bring
long-term pleasure rather than pain and destruction


Superego
Operates on the “ideal principle”
 What is morally correct


9. Mechanisms of Defense
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Repression
Denial
Regression
Displacement
Reaction formation
Projection
Rationalization
5.Displacem

10. Contd.




Repression :banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts
and feelings from consciousness
Denial : refusing to accept that certain facts exist;
insisting that something is not true.
Regression: Revert to a previous stage of
development.
Displacement: Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses
toward a more acceptable or less threatening
object or person,

11. Contd..



Reaction Formation : the ego unconsciously makes
unacceptable impulses look like their opposites.
Projection :Repress one’s feelings and attribute
them to someone else.
Rationalization : Channeling impulses on to
socially accepted medium.

12. Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral
Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency Stage
Genital Stage

13. Oral Stage
 About
first 12-18 months of life
 Infants seek & gain pleasure from the mouth
 Focus: sucking, biting, chewing etc.
 Fixation causes - Nail biters, pencil chewers,
thumb suckers, chain smokers etc.

15. Anal Stage
 Approx.
18 months to three years of age
 Fascination with bodily function.
 Focus : Anal region, eliminating & retaining feces

Fixation causes due to inappropriate Toilettraining
“Anal retentive” – obsessed with tidiness
 “Anal expulsive” – messy & disorganized


17. Phallic Stage
 Approx.
3-6 yrs of age
 Child’s energy focuses on genitals.
 Penis Envy
 Castration anxiety
 Fixation causes oedipus or electra complex

18. Latency
 Approx.
6-12 yrs of age.
 Focuses on spending time with people of the same
sex.
 Sexual instincts die down & superego develops.
 Child acquire new social values from adult,
outside the family & play from peer.

19. Genital Stage
 Puberty
to Adulthood
 Sexual desires come back to the fore front.
 Successful development in the earlier stage leads
to mature sexuality,, marriage & the birth &rearing
of children.

20. Techniques used in Psychodynamic
Therapy
 Transference
 Free
Association
 Dream Analysis
 Interpretation
 Analysis of Resistance
 Others

21. Transference
 Client’s
feelings are directed toward the therapist
as though the therapist were the source of the
feelings instead of someone from the client’s past.
 Therapist as a blank screen
 To become aware of this projection.

22. Free Association
 Saying
whatever comes to mind,usually lying in a
relaxed position.
 No matter how trivial or embarrassing.

23. Dream Analysis

Dream is wish fulfillment & have 2 component.

Manifest Content- Incorporates traces of previous days’
experiences and preoccupations.
Latent Content- Censored symbolic version-consists of
unconscious drives and wishes that may be threatening if
expressed directly.


24. Interpretation
 To
generate meaning from transference, free
association, dreams etc.
 Issues while making interpretation Is the timing right?
 Is the interpretation correct?
 Can the interpretation be phrased in such a way
that the client will understand it?

25. Others :
 Use
of toys & plays.
 Use of art, sculpture, poetry.
 Use of projective Techniques e.g.
 TAT
 Rorschach Inkblot Test

26. TAT

27. Rorschach Inkblot Test

28. Post Freudian Evolution
 Object
relations theories
 British Independents
 Bowl by's Attachment Theory

29. Object Relation Theory
 Originator
: Melanie Klein
 Conflict & anxieties felt by children arose from
their relationship with human objects rather than
sexual impulses.
 Mother represented as the ‘part-object’ of breast in
the first month to child

31. Contd.
 Paranoid-schizoid
 Fundamental insecurity evoked by the feelings of
bad.
 During the first few month of baby
 Perceive mother as a whole object rather than part
 Splitting experience began to resolved

32. Contd..
 Depressive
reaction
 Deep sense of disappointment & anger.
 Sense of guilt.
 Self vs rest of the world
Inability to differentiate between what is self &
what is rest of the world

33. Application of Object Relation in
Psychodynamic Therapy
 Make
aware the client about Splitting
 Projective Identification –
 a process of emotional defense that is
interpersonal rather than intrapersonal .
 Client’s problem rooted in relationships

34. British Independent




Middle group between kleinians & anna freud.
Independent mind
Kohon & Rayner
Counter transference: when the therapist feelings
are placed on the client .

35. John Bowlby’s Theory of attachment

Stresses the importance of the child developing in relation
to context and environment.

The child impacts the environment and the environment
impacts the child.

Psychoanalyst focuses on attachment to understand
development
ble to successfully separate and individuate

36. Multi cultural Issues & psychodynamic counseling

It has received a lot of criticism from women and minority groups
because it tends to be seen as male and elitist.

Its beginning had sexist concepts such as “penis envy.”

Historically, patriarchy, domination and lengthy treatment hold to
oppressive views and patronage by only the wealthy.

Insight is not a highly valued concept in many cultures or lower
socioeconomic statuses.

37. Own interpretation:
May falsifiable!
 Generalizing from experiences of a few
 A typical patients
 Based the memories of patients
 Might be tempting to do too much analysis and not
enough working toward change.
 transference and counter transference can be hard to deal
with without training and awareness.


38. Thank you you

39. Questions if any ?