The document provides information about the history and development of the global airline industry and aviation in India. It discusses key milestones like the first flight in 1903, introduction of passenger service in 1910, and introduction of jet aircraft in 1958. It also summarizes the major components of the global airline market today with over 2000 airlines operating worldwide. For India, it outlines the genesis of the industry from the first airline in 1914 to nationalization in 1953. It also lists the major scheduled and regional airlines operating in India as well as the key aviation regulatory bodies like DGCA, AAI and BCAS. Finally, it discusses concepts like airline itineraries, travel information manuals, aircraft segments and legs.

2. Air Transport

3. Airline Industry
• First flight: Orville and Wilbur Wright’s at Kitty Hawk (1903)
• Passenger Service 1910
• First schedule airplane passenger began in the U.S.
• Introduction of Jet aircraft 1958
• Jumbo Jet was introduced in 1970
• Concorde began service in 1976

5. Royal Dutch Airline – KLM (Koninklijke
Luchtvaart Maatschappij) started in 1919
and still exists

6. Global Airline Market
• 2000 Airlines operating more than 25,000 aircraft, providing
service to over 3700 airports.
• The report shows that there are 40.3million flights scheduled in
2019! And it means an average of 110,400 flights per day carrying
930 million passengers.
• Growth of world air travel has averaged approximately 5% per year
over the past 30 years, Expected to double over next 10 – 15 years

7. Genesis of the Indian Airline Industry
1914: First airline between Karachi – Delhi. India is first in Asia to start
1932: Mr. J.R.D.TATA flies a De Havilland Puss Moth from Karachi to
Bombay as part of the first Tata Sons Ltd. flight to deliver mail carried by British
Imperial Airways
1948: Govt. of India acquires 49% stake in Tata Airlines, designates it a flag carrier and
renames it Air India International (“AII”)
1953: Jawaharlal Nehru, in friendly transaction, convinces the Tata Group to let the Govt.
of India acquire a majority stake in AII and nationalizes air transport
1953: Indian Airlines formed by merging eight former independent domestic airlines
1960: India enters the jet age with an Air India B707; USA and India are connected for the
first time with an Indian airline
1989: Indian Airlines becomes one of the first airlines to induct the A320 into its fleet
1990: East West Airlines becomes the 1st private airline since 1953
2004: Air Deccan the first no-frills airline

10. Airlines in India

11. Scheduled Airlines
1. Air India (FSC)
2. Vistara (FSC)
3. Indigo (LCC)
4. GoAir (LCC)
5. Air India Express (LCC)
6. Spicejet (LCC)
7. AirAsia India (LCC)

12. Regional Airlines
1. Alliance air – Subsidiary of air india
2. Air Deccan – Operating from Ahmedabad
3. Air Heritage – owned by heritage aviation
4. Star Air – Bangalore based and does trip to neighboring states
5. Supreme Airline – Based on Rajasthan
6. Tru Jet – Based in Hyderabad
7. Tru Star - Hyderabad
8. Zoom Air – Delhi based

13. Others..
Besides Scheduled and Regional airlines, here are
chartered airlines and three cargo airlines line blue dart,
spiceXpress, Quikjet airlines.
We also have Air Kerala proposed as a subsidiary of CIAL

15. Airports in India
India has a total of 34 operational International Airports and 80 domestic
airports.
The first international airport that operated in India is Cochin International
Airport in Kerala, India, whereas, the recently added airport in the list of
International Airports is the Kannur International Airport situated in Kerala

16. Airport is a company (From where does it get income?)
The charges levied by Airports Authority of India (AAI) are under two
broad heads viz.,
1. Air Navigation Services (ANS) and
a) Route Navigation Facility Charges
b) Terminal navigational landing charges
c) Landing charges
d) Parking and Housing charges
2. Airport Services
a) UDF (User Development Fee)
b) Passenger Service Fee (for departing passenger)
c) Fuel Throughput Charges
Landing a
flight in an
airport is a
costly affair

17. Civil Aviation Administration
•1. DGCA
•2. AAI
•3. BCAS
For detailed notes refer: shorturl.at/jsI04

18. Directorate General of Civil Aviation
1. The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is the regulatory body in
the field of Civil Aviation.
2. It is responsible for regulation of air transport services to/from/within
India and for enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety, and
airworthiness standards.
3. The DGCA also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with the International
Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).
4. Registration of civil aircraft, Licensing of pilots and other concerned parties

19. Airports Authority of India
The Airports Authority of India (AAI) was formed on 1st April 1995 by merging the
International Airports Authority of India and the National Airports Authority. It is
entrusted with:
• Design, Development, Operation and Maintenance of international and domestic
airports.
• Control and Management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the territorial
limits of the country, as accepted by ICAO.
• Construction, Modification and Management of passenger terminals & cargo
terminals at international and domestic airports.
• Provision of passenger facilities and information system at the passenger terminals
at airports.

20. Bureau of Civil Aviation Security
The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) was set in
January 1978. The main responsibilities of BCAS include
laying down standards and measures with respect to
security of civil flights at international and domestic
airports in India.

21. Difference between IATA & ICAO
• ICAO is a UN body with 193 member countries
• IATA is a trade organization
• ICAO codes are used for "official" purposes such as Air Traffic Control;
• IATA codes are mainly used for ticketing. E.g. travel itineraries use IATA codes for
airports and IATA flight numbers.
• IATA establishes standards for the fare construction rules
• They are both doing a tremendous job considering the fact that there are more
1,00,000 flights every day

22. IATA and ICAO
Airports IATA Codes ICAO Codes
Kochi COK VOCI
Chennai MAA VOMM
Trivandrum TRV VOTV
Bengaluru BLR VOBL
Los Angeles LAX KLAX
London LON EGLL
Manila MNL RPLL

24. Airline itinerary
• Airline Itinerary: An airline itinerary identifies the origin point, stopping
points, connecting points and destination points of a flight.
• An airline itinerary is of two types- International and Domestic. An airline
itinerary, which has points within India, is called a domestic itinerary and if
the points are outside India, it is known an international air itinerary.
• Two things are required to plan airline itinerary – timetables and airline
guide.

25. Travel Information Manual (TIM)
Published monthly, the TIM (Travel Information Manual) is the world's leading source of
Passport, Visa and Health documentation regulations for passengers.
Key Benefits
The TIM is a must for all who are involved in the travel industry. This unique manual lists
rules and regulations for more than 216 countries on subjects such as:
• Passports
• Visas
• Health information
• Airport tax
• Customs and currencies
• Latest news
Designed for: The information found in TIM is consulted by thousands of users around
the world every day, including airline offices, travel agents, corporate accounts, tour
operators, GDS and government agencies.
25

26. Official Airline Guide (OAG)
OAG is a global travel data provider with headquarters in the UK. OAG is an
air travel intelligence company that provides accurate, timely and
actionable digital information and applications to the world’s airlines,
airports, government agencies and travel-related service companies.

27. Segment & Leg
• A segment refers to a single flight with the same flight number. For
example, if you travel from A to B, change planes at B, and then travel from
B to C, you will have flown two segments. On the other hand, if you travel
from A to C and the flight stops at B, but you don’t change planes, then
your trip from A to C is one segment from the point of view of fare rules.
• A Leg is a trip of an aircraft from one airport to another. Short flights are 1
leg. Long-haul may have 2 or more legs. The rough rule of thumb is that
segments are what you buy, Legs are what you fly.

31. Types of air service
Full Service Carriers - offers passengers in flight entertainment,checked
baggage, meals, beverages and comforts such as blankets and pillows in the
ticket price. The seats generally have more recline than a low cost carrier as
well as more leg room.
Low Cost Carriers
(No frills airline)
LCC FSC

32. Classes of service
• First Class
• Business Class
• Economy Class

34. Air Fares
There are two types of fares
1. Published fares
2. Unpublished fares

35. Types of published fares
1. Normal fare tickets which are usually refundable, re-routable and have no
expiry dates
2. APEX fares: are discounted international fares. Such fares usually require
tickets to be purchased in advance (such as 7, 14, or 21 day minimum
advance purchase), and will have other restrictions - non-refundable,
change fees are just a few of the possible restrictions
3. Discount Fares: are fares that tend to have a smaller price tag, and are
offered for a limited time. They usually have a long list of restrictions such
as specific travel dates, minimum and maximum stay (for example, a
minimum Saturday night stay, a maximum 30 day stay), etc. Keep a copy of
the rules because seat sale fares come and go quickly, and the rules and
restrictions can be harder (sometimes impossible) to retrieve online.

36. 4. Excursion fares (Promotional fares): are lower priced fares that involve
restrictions linked to the time of year, a minimum or maximum stay and
requiring a roundtrip ticket purchase.
5. Joint fares are offered by airlines that have a partner relationship on select
routes.
6. Through fares are offered to passengers willing to travel to their final
destination by traveling through a gateway city. Suppose you are travelling to A
to C via B, you will be offered one fare from A to C instead of A to B and B to C
fare
7. Bereavement fares: A discounted fare offered to family members travelling
because of an imminent death or death in the family
8. Youth/child/senior fares: This depends on the airline and the airfare.
However, these discounts may only apply to full-fare tickets. Infants are usually
classified as up to 24 months old (2 years). Children are from 2-11 years old.

37. Unpublished Fares
• These airfares are not available online through flight booking websites and
neither on the airline’s own website
• To get an unpublished airfare, you will need to contact a travel agent. Travel
agents find these airfares through a Global Distribution System (GDS)
• Unpublished airfares are also known as private airfares, wholesale airfares,
consolidator airfares.
Opaque airfares
Opaque airfare prices are shown without revealing the airline or the flight
number (and in some cases the flight times). Airlines offer these opaque fares
as a way to keep the prices private until after they are purchased.

38. Air Ticket

39. Fare classes
Booking code Meaning
F full-fare First class
J full-fare Business class
W full-fare Premium economy
Y full-fare Economy class
Code Meaning
E
"Excursion Fare". These fares typically had a minimum and maximum stay requirement to encourage use by the
holiday market and not business travellers.
H or L High or low season
W or X weekday (X) or restricted to weekends (W
OW One-way fare only
RT Return fare
CH Child fare (typically up to 11 years old, but 15 in some cases)
IN Infant fare (typically up to 2 years old, but 3 years in some cases)

40. Freedoms of Air

41. Air Freedom Rights
First Second
Home
Country A
Country B
Third
Fourth Fifth Sixth
Seventh Eight Ninth

43. Types of chartered flights

44. Air Charter Services
• Charter flights are private vehicle that can be hired for a specific purpose,
purpose of flying an individual or group to any destination of choice.
• The air charter services include operation of helicopters which can be landed
close to the destination. This is private flying where there is no interference
while travelling and at the same time offer security and luxury.
• Charter flights are used for variety of purposes. From indulging individuals for
business purposes and flying time-sensitive consignments, charter flights
perform the services of traditional aircrafts but can be personalized according to
the requirements.
• Further, charter flights are also hired for emergency air transport services. For
example, they can be used in case of medical emergencies.

45. Single Entity Charter Flights
• They are kind of private charter that is commonly
used for business needs. The company or individuals
hire the flight and bears the entire cost of the flight
travel. People who travel in the single entity charter
flights do not pay for their travel. When you book a
private charter, you pay for the entire flight. This is
mainly used by companies for business meetings,
employee incentive travel and occasionally for luxury
travel.

46. Affinity Charter Flights
• Like single entity charters, affinity charters are also
private charters that are booked by business and
organizations or groups. However, contrary to the
company or single person paying for the charter flight,
the passengers travelling pay their own fare. This is
typically used by a group of people or family on a
holiday, sport and as tourism package. While the
airfares are paid by individuals, the flight is not open
for public booking.

47. Public Charter Flights
• As the name suggests, the seats of charter flights owned by the
operators are rented out to the public. This can be done directly
or through travel agents. These kinds of flights are operated by
the tourism operators. This is not operated throughout the year
but seasonal. They are operated during holidays or as part of
vacation package that tour operators offer their customers. The
schedule is designed by the tour operator and they take the
legal responsibility to provide the transportation service to the
passengers. With public charters, same guidelines of security
have to be followed as we opt for commercial flight.

48. Air Charter Services in India
• In India the charter service providers are also called as non-
scheduled operators. There are 126 non-scheduled permit
holders in India having 360 aircrafts in place. Most of them
are for private purposes used by business conglomerates.
There are also few charter operators for commercial
purposes. They rent the aircrafts and operate based on the
demand. Non-scheduled operators do not have a published
time table or with flights so regular or frequent. However,
they are let to operate for carriage of passengers, mails and
goods and include charter operations.

49. Thank you