SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 57
Descargar para leer sin conexión
37
                            23   8   20        10:50-11:20



Saturday, August 20, 2011                                    1
Agenda
                            1.
                            2.
                            3.
                            4.
                            5.
                            6.

Saturday, August 20, 2011                 2
Agenda
                            1.
                            2.
                            3.
                            4.
                            5.
                            6.

Saturday, August 20, 2011                 3
1.


                                 formulaic sequences




Saturday, August 20, 2011                              4
Agenda
                            1.
                            2.
                            3.
                            4.
                            5.
                            6.

Saturday, August 20, 2011                 5
Agenda
                            1.
                            2.
                            3.
                            4.
                            5.
                            6.

Saturday, August 20, 2011                 6
2.

         • L2
        “... formulaic language is intrinsically connected
        with functional, fluent, communicative language
        use. As such, it is just as important as
        individual words.” (Schmitt, 2010, p. 12)


Saturday, August 20, 2011                                    7
2.

           • L2
           “... stored and retrieved whole from memory
           at the time of use” (Wray, 2002, p. 9)




Saturday, August 20, 2011                                8
Saturday, August 20, 2011   9
2.

                                    “holistic hypothesis”


                                           Jiang & Nekrasova, 2007




                                 “I don't know !” by fmgbain http://www.flickr.com/photos/fmgbain/4382010455/
Saturday, August 20, 2011                                                                                  10
Agenda
                            1.
                            2.
                            3.
                            4.
                            5.
                            6.

Saturday, August 20, 2011                 11
Agenda
                            1.
                            2.
                            3.
                            4.
                            5.
                            6.

Saturday, August 20, 2011                 12
3.
        Conklin & Schmitt (2008)

        Schmitt, Grandage, & Adolphs (2004)

        Underwood, Schmitt, & Galpin (2004)

        Schmitt & Underwood (2004)

                                 ※


Saturday, August 20, 2011                     13
3.
   •
       “... employed a number of test items that either
       were not typically considered formulaic
       sequences or were unknown to the
       participants.” (Jiang & Nekrasova, 2007, p. 441)



Saturday, August 20, 2011                                 14
3.
   •
     “... measuring the fluency and accuracy in an
     oral-dictation task and measuring reading times
     in a self-paced reading task might not be direct
     enough …” (Jiang & Nekrasova, 2007, p. 441)



Saturday, August 20, 2011                               15
...


    •
    •


Saturday, August 20, 2011         16
Jiang & Nekrasova (2007)
       •                        22        22

       •
                            •        22
                            •        22
                            •        22

       •


Saturday, August 20, 2011                         17
Jiang & Nekrasova (2007)




Saturday, August 20, 2011                         18
Jiang & Nekrasova (2007)




Saturday, August 20, 2011                         19
Jiang & Nekrasova (2007)                        2
          1400
                                                              1367
          1200
                                         1187          1198
          1000                    1039          1080
              800           908

              600
              400
              200
                    0
                                  NS               NNS
Saturday, August 20, 2011                                                20
Jiang & Nekrasova (2007)




Saturday, August 20, 2011                         21
Saturday, August 20, 2011   22
Saturday, August 20, 2011   23
Saturday, August 20, 2011   24
Agenda
                            1.
                            2.
                            3.
                            4.
                            5.
                            6.

Saturday, August 20, 2011                 25
Agenda
                            1.
                            2.
                            3.
                            4.
                            5.
                            6.

Saturday, August 20, 2011                 26
Saturday, August 20, 2011   27
(1)




Saturday, August 20, 2011         28
(2)




Saturday, August 20, 2011         29
4.

            •                                  54
                             52

            •               22.81   SD=1.19

            • TOEIC         540.58 SD=119.22



Saturday, August 20, 2011                           30
4.
        •                   Jiang & Nekrasova (2007)   2
                      Appendix 1

        •
              •

              •

Saturday, August 20, 2011                                  31
4.




Saturday, August 20, 2011        32
4.


                            on the other hand



Saturday, August 20, 2011                       33
Agenda
                            1.
                            2.
                            3.
                            4.
                            5.
                            6.

Saturday, August 20, 2011                 34
Agenda
                            1.
                            2.
                            3.
                            4.
                            5.
                            6.

Saturday, August 20, 2011                 35
5.
                            ―    “   ”―




Saturday, August 20, 2011                 36
5.
                            ―    “          ”

                                                t


                                     p.11


Saturday, August 20, 2011                           37
5.
                            ―        “          ”―

                                                 t


                                         p.12


Saturday, August 20, 2011                            38
Saturday, August 20, 2011   39
(1)




Saturday, August 20, 2011         40
(1)




Saturday, August 20, 2011         41
(2)




Saturday, August 20, 2011         42
(2)




Saturday, August 20, 2011         43
(1) (2)




Saturday, August 20, 2011             44
Saturday, August 20, 2011   45
Saturday, August 20, 2011   46
5.

   •
              •                  cf. Appendix 1

              •

Saturday, August 20, 2011                         47
5.

        •
         •
                            • e.g., take food in the night
              •

Saturday, August 20, 2011                                    48
Agenda
                            1.
                            2.
                            3.
                            4.
                            5.
                            6.

Saturday, August 20, 2011                 49
Agenda
                            1.
                            2.
                            3.
                            4.
                            5.
                            6.

Saturday, August 20, 2011                 50
Saturday, August 20, 2011   51
Saturday, August 20, 2011   52
Saturday, August 20, 2011   53
Saturday, August 20, 2011   54
Saturday, August 20, 2011   55
Saturday, August 20, 2011   56
twitter: @sakaue

                            e-mail: tsakaue@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

                            e-mail: skida@hiroshima-u.ac.jp



Saturday, August 20, 2011                                       57

Más contenido relacionado

Más de SAKAUE, Tatsuya

MethokenOkinawa_Sakaue_LearnerCorpus
MethokenOkinawa_Sakaue_LearnerCorpusMethokenOkinawa_Sakaue_LearnerCorpus
MethokenOkinawa_Sakaue_LearnerCorpus
SAKAUE, Tatsuya
 
Nagoya.R #10 LT 「グラフはベクタ(ベクトル)画像で出力しようじゃありませんか」
Nagoya.R #10 LT 「グラフはベクタ(ベクトル)画像で出力しようじゃありませんか」Nagoya.R #10 LT 「グラフはベクタ(ベクトル)画像で出力しようじゃありませんか」
Nagoya.R #10 LT 「グラフはベクタ(ベクトル)画像で出力しようじゃありませんか」
SAKAUE, Tatsuya
 
LET2012 ワークショップ「R による教育・言語データ処理のススメ」
LET2012 ワークショップ「R による教育・言語データ処理のススメ」LET2012 ワークショップ「R による教育・言語データ処理のススメ」
LET2012 ワークショップ「R による教育・言語データ処理のススメ」
SAKAUE, Tatsuya
 
授業外で個別学習を促進するためのポッドキャスト利用
授業外で個別学習を促進するためのポッドキャスト利用授業外で個別学習を促進するためのポッドキャスト利用
授業外で個別学習を促進するためのポッドキャスト利用
SAKAUE, Tatsuya
 
「R による英語コーパスの処理入門―接続詞 and/but の使用実態調査を例に―」Computing Language and Culture with...
「R による英語コーパスの処理入門―接続詞 and/but の使用実態調査を例に―」Computing Language and Culture with...「R による英語コーパスの処理入門―接続詞 and/but の使用実態調査を例に―」Computing Language and Culture with...
「R による英語コーパスの処理入門―接続詞 and/but の使用実態調査を例に―」Computing Language and Culture with...
SAKAUE, Tatsuya
 
Osaka.R #7 LT: フォントのオハナシ
Osaka.R #7 LT: フォントのオハナシOsaka.R #7 LT: フォントのオハナシ
Osaka.R #7 LT: フォントのオハナシ
SAKAUE, Tatsuya
 
HiRoshima.R #2 LT by @sakaue
HiRoshima.R #2 LT by @sakaueHiRoshima.R #2 LT by @sakaue
HiRoshima.R #2 LT by @sakaue
SAKAUE, Tatsuya
 
HiRoshima.R #2 入門者講習資料
HiRoshima.R #2 入門者講習資料HiRoshima.R #2 入門者講習資料
HiRoshima.R #2 入門者講習資料
SAKAUE, Tatsuya
 
Introduction to "R" for Language Researchers
Introduction to "R" for Language ResearchersIntroduction to "R" for Language Researchers
Introduction to "R" for Language Researchers
SAKAUE, Tatsuya
 
Japan.R #2 Introduction to R
Japan.R #2 Introduction to RJapan.R #2 Introduction to R
Japan.R #2 Introduction to R
SAKAUE, Tatsuya
 

Más de SAKAUE, Tatsuya (20)

MethokenOkinawa_Sakaue_LearnerCorpus
MethokenOkinawa_Sakaue_LearnerCorpusMethokenOkinawa_Sakaue_LearnerCorpus
MethokenOkinawa_Sakaue_LearnerCorpus
 
外国語教育メディア学会第54回全国研究大会ワークショップ「Rによる外国語教育データの分析と可視化の基本」
外国語教育メディア学会第54回全国研究大会ワークショップ「Rによる外国語教育データの分析と可視化の基本」外国語教育メディア学会第54回全国研究大会ワークショップ「Rによる外国語教育データの分析と可視化の基本」
外国語教育メディア学会第54回全国研究大会ワークショップ「Rによる外国語教育データの分析と可視化の基本」
 
統計解析環境Rによる統計処理の基本―検定と視覚化―
統計解析環境Rによる統計処理の基本―検定と視覚化―統計解析環境Rによる統計処理の基本―検定と視覚化―
統計解析環境Rによる統計処理の基本―検定と視覚化―
 
統計解析環境Rによる言語データの分析
統計解析環境Rによる言語データの分析統計解析環境Rによる言語データの分析
統計解析環境Rによる言語データの分析
 
ポッドキャスト利用による個別学習の支援とリスニング不安への影響
ポッドキャスト利用による個別学習の支援とリスニング不安への影響ポッドキャスト利用による個別学習の支援とリスニング不安への影響
ポッドキャスト利用による個別学習の支援とリスニング不安への影響
 
Nagoya.R #10 LT 「グラフはベクタ(ベクトル)画像で出力しようじゃありませんか」
Nagoya.R #10 LT 「グラフはベクタ(ベクトル)画像で出力しようじゃありませんか」Nagoya.R #10 LT 「グラフはベクタ(ベクトル)画像で出力しようじゃありませんか」
Nagoya.R #10 LT 「グラフはベクタ(ベクトル)画像で出力しようじゃありませんか」
 
ベクタ画像と PNG 画像の比較
ベクタ画像と PNG 画像の比較ベクタ画像と PNG 画像の比較
ベクタ画像と PNG 画像の比較
 
反応時間データをどう分析し図示するか
反応時間データをどう分析し図示するか反応時間データをどう分析し図示するか
反応時間データをどう分析し図示するか
 
LET2012 ワークショップ「R による教育・言語データ処理のススメ」
LET2012 ワークショップ「R による教育・言語データ処理のススメ」LET2012 ワークショップ「R による教育・言語データ処理のススメ」
LET2012 ワークショップ「R による教育・言語データ処理のススメ」
 
授業外で個別学習を促進するためのポッドキャスト利用
授業外で個別学習を促進するためのポッドキャスト利用授業外で個別学習を促進するためのポッドキャスト利用
授業外で個別学習を促進するためのポッドキャスト利用
 
R のインストール手順(LET 2012用)
R のインストール手順(LET 2012用)R のインストール手順(LET 2012用)
R のインストール手順(LET 2012用)
 
Nagoya.R #8 入門者講習資料
Nagoya.R #8 入門者講習資料Nagoya.R #8 入門者講習資料
Nagoya.R #8 入門者講習資料
 
「R による英語コーパスの処理入門―接続詞 and/but の使用実態調査を例に―」Computing Language and Culture with...
「R による英語コーパスの処理入門―接続詞 and/but の使用実態調査を例に―」Computing Language and Culture with...「R による英語コーパスの処理入門―接続詞 and/but の使用実態調査を例に―」Computing Language and Culture with...
「R による英語コーパスの処理入門―接続詞 and/but の使用実態調査を例に―」Computing Language and Culture with...
 
Osaka.R #7 LT: フォントのオハナシ
Osaka.R #7 LT: フォントのオハナシOsaka.R #7 LT: フォントのオハナシ
Osaka.R #7 LT: フォントのオハナシ
 
HiRoshima.R #2 LT by @sakaue
HiRoshima.R #2 LT by @sakaueHiRoshima.R #2 LT by @sakaue
HiRoshima.R #2 LT by @sakaue
 
HiRoshima.R #2 入門者講習資料
HiRoshima.R #2 入門者講習資料HiRoshima.R #2 入門者講習資料
HiRoshima.R #2 入門者講習資料
 
Introduction to "R" for Language Researchers
Introduction to "R" for Language ResearchersIntroduction to "R" for Language Researchers
Introduction to "R" for Language Researchers
 
How2Install "R"
How2Install "R"How2Install "R"
How2Install "R"
 
Japan.R #2 Introduction to R
Japan.R #2 Introduction to RJapan.R #2 Introduction to R
Japan.R #2 Introduction to R
 
Nagoya.R #6 LT Beanplot
Nagoya.R #6 LT BeanplotNagoya.R #6 LT Beanplot
Nagoya.R #6 LT Beanplot
 

Último

Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdfActivity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
ciinovamais
 
Vishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdf
Vishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy  Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdfVishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy  Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdf
Vishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdf
ssuserdda66b
 
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
QucHHunhnh
 
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
ZurliaSoop
 

Último (20)

FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
 
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
 
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdfActivity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
 
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
 
Dyslexia AI Workshop for Slideshare.pptx
Dyslexia AI Workshop for Slideshare.pptxDyslexia AI Workshop for Slideshare.pptx
Dyslexia AI Workshop for Slideshare.pptx
 
Vishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdf
Vishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy  Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdfVishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy  Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdf
Vishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdf
 
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
 
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
 
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docxPython Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
 
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17  How to Extend Models Using Mixin ClassesMixin Classes in Odoo 17  How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
 
Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds in the Classroom
Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds  in the ClassroomFostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds  in the Classroom
Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds in the Classroom
 
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
 
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
 
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The BasicsIntroduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
 
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptxUnit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
 
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - EnglishGraduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
 
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdfUGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
 
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
 
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan FellowsOn National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
 
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptxHMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
 

SAKAUE & KIDA (2011) @JASELE Yamagata

  • 1. 37 23 8 20 10:50-11:20 Saturday, August 20, 2011 1
  • 2. Agenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Saturday, August 20, 2011 2
  • 3. Agenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Saturday, August 20, 2011 3
  • 4. 1. formulaic sequences Saturday, August 20, 2011 4
  • 5. Agenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Saturday, August 20, 2011 5
  • 6. Agenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Saturday, August 20, 2011 6
  • 7. 2. • L2 “... formulaic language is intrinsically connected with functional, fluent, communicative language use. As such, it is just as important as individual words.” (Schmitt, 2010, p. 12) Saturday, August 20, 2011 7
  • 8. 2. • L2 “... stored and retrieved whole from memory at the time of use” (Wray, 2002, p. 9) Saturday, August 20, 2011 8
  • 10. 2. “holistic hypothesis” Jiang & Nekrasova, 2007 “I don't know !” by fmgbain http://www.flickr.com/photos/fmgbain/4382010455/ Saturday, August 20, 2011 10
  • 11. Agenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Saturday, August 20, 2011 11
  • 12. Agenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Saturday, August 20, 2011 12
  • 13. 3. Conklin & Schmitt (2008) Schmitt, Grandage, & Adolphs (2004) Underwood, Schmitt, & Galpin (2004) Schmitt & Underwood (2004) ※ Saturday, August 20, 2011 13
  • 14. 3. • “... employed a number of test items that either were not typically considered formulaic sequences or were unknown to the participants.” (Jiang & Nekrasova, 2007, p. 441) Saturday, August 20, 2011 14
  • 15. 3. • “... measuring the fluency and accuracy in an oral-dictation task and measuring reading times in a self-paced reading task might not be direct enough …” (Jiang & Nekrasova, 2007, p. 441) Saturday, August 20, 2011 15
  • 16. ... • • Saturday, August 20, 2011 16
  • 17. Jiang & Nekrasova (2007) • 22 22 • • 22 • 22 • 22 • Saturday, August 20, 2011 17
  • 18. Jiang & Nekrasova (2007) Saturday, August 20, 2011 18
  • 19. Jiang & Nekrasova (2007) Saturday, August 20, 2011 19
  • 20. Jiang & Nekrasova (2007) 2 1400 1367 1200 1187 1198 1000 1039 1080 800 908 600 400 200 0 NS NNS Saturday, August 20, 2011 20
  • 21. Jiang & Nekrasova (2007) Saturday, August 20, 2011 21
  • 25. Agenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Saturday, August 20, 2011 25
  • 26. Agenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Saturday, August 20, 2011 26
  • 30. 4. • 54 52 • 22.81 SD=1.19 • TOEIC 540.58 SD=119.22 Saturday, August 20, 2011 30
  • 31. 4. • Jiang & Nekrasova (2007) 2 Appendix 1 • • • Saturday, August 20, 2011 31
  • 33. 4. on the other hand Saturday, August 20, 2011 33
  • 34. Agenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Saturday, August 20, 2011 34
  • 35. Agenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Saturday, August 20, 2011 35
  • 36. 5. ― “ ”― Saturday, August 20, 2011 36
  • 37. 5. ― “ ” t p.11 Saturday, August 20, 2011 37
  • 38. 5. ― “ ”― t p.12 Saturday, August 20, 2011 38
  • 47. 5. • • cf. Appendix 1 • Saturday, August 20, 2011 47
  • 48. 5. • • • e.g., take food in the night • Saturday, August 20, 2011 48
  • 49. Agenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Saturday, August 20, 2011 49
  • 50. Agenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Saturday, August 20, 2011 50
  • 57. twitter: @sakaue e-mail: tsakaue@hiroshima-u.ac.jp e-mail: skida@hiroshima-u.ac.jp Saturday, August 20, 2011 57