2. Introduction
⮚ Communication and utilization of research findings is
one of the essential steps of research process.
⮚ A research project cannot be considered complete
until its results are effectively communicated to its
users and consumers.
3. Communication of research findings
• The process of interpreting or translating
complex research findings into a
language, format and context that even a
nonexpert can understand.
4. Purposes
• To fill the gap between clinical practice
and research findings.
• Promotion of learning of new knowledge
among professionals.
• To improve quality of care.
• To generate data for evidence based
practice
• To promote personal and professional
growth.
• To refine or update existing practice, theory,
5. Steps
• Select the audience
• Select the method of communication.
• Avoid technical jargon.
• Do not overload the presentation.
• Prepare systematically
• Effective writing.
• Careful review of authors manuscripts
guidelines.
7. Writing a research report
• Theresearch report is an end product of
the research process.
Characteristics
✔ It should be concise, clear, accurate,
complete, and honestly written.
✔ It should be long to cover the subject and short to
maintain the interest of the users.
✔ It should be systematic in steps as the research
process.
✔ It should be free from technical jargon, self
abbreviation, and ambiguous terminology.
✔ Research report must reflect its originality.
8. Characteristics of good report
• 1) Attractive
• 2) Clear Topic
• 3) Balanced Language
• 4) No repetition of facts
• 5) Statement of scientific facts
• 6) Practicability
• 7)Description of the difficulties and the
shortcomings
9. Types of Reports
• There are many different formats for
reporting research; journal articles,
technical research reports, monographs or
books, graduate theses or dissertations.
• Research is also reported orally at
professional meetings, seminars,
symposia, and workshops.
• These oral reports, however, are usually
based on previous written reports.
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10. • Journal articles are the most condensed form
of writing. Journals have severe space
limitations and often all the details of a
complex research project can’t be presented
in one article.
• They are the most “prestigious” format
for reporting disciplinary work.
– Involve a peer-review process which
evaluates quality and importance of a
paper
– They receive wide distribution to disciplinary
and subject-matter readers
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11. • To reach other audiences, other publications
must be used
• Sometimes, research can be written as journal
articles as well as other formats to reach
different users. Be careful, though, not to
violate exclusive publication rights of journals
– get permission!
12. • Graduate theses and dissertations tend
to be on the other extreme of length and
completeness
• This is the report of the student’s
work to his/her graduate committee
• These tend to be long and sometimes
more wordy than necessary. But
completeness is considered more
important than efficiency in this writing.
(In this respect, they are opposite to
journal articles.)
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13. Format
IMRAD format
▪ Introduction
▪ Methods
▪ Results
▪ And Discussion
Other aspects of a research report Title,
abstract, keywords, references,
acknowledgement.
14. Introductory section
Title Page
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Main Body
I.Problem to be investigated
A.Purpose of the study (including assumptions)
B.Justification of the study
C.Research question and hypotheses
D.Definition of terms
E.Brief overview of study
15. Continued…
I. Background and review of related literature
A.Theory, if appropriate
B.Studies directly related
C.Studies tangentially related
II.Procedures
A.Description of the research design
B.Description of the sample
C.Description of the instruments used
(including scoring procedures)
16. D.Explanation of the procedures followed (the
what, when, where, and how of the study)
E.Discussion of internal validity
F.Discussion of external validity
G.Description and justification of the statistical
techniques or other methods of analysis used
IV.Findings
Description of findings pertinent to each of the
research hypotheses or questions
Continued…
17. Continued…
V.Summary and conclusions
A.Brief summary of the research question being
investigated, the procedures employed, and
the results obtained
B.Discussion of the implications of the
findings—their meaning and significance
C.Limitations—unresolved problems and
weaknesses
D.Suggestions for further research
References (Bibliography) Appendixes
18. Steps of writing a research report
• Analyze the task
• Preparation of outlines
• Draft the body
• Draft the supplementary
information
• Draft the preliminary information
• Polish the report
• Editing the report
• Writing the final draft
19. Publishing
• Written research reports communicate
knowledge within the research and
scientific community. Publications are
the primary means of disseminating
research knowledge.
• Once published, research results become
public knowledge – however, original ideas
must always be recognized.
• In addition to journal publications, other
outlets include, technical bulletins or
reports, proceedings papers, symposia,
20. • Among the common reasons that
proposed refereed publications fail to be
accepted are:
1. Inadequate identification of a research
problem
2. Inappropriate or unclear methods and
procedures
3. Inappropriate material for the
proposed publication
4. Failure to communicate what is important
and original
5. Poor organization.
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21. Writing the references/bibliography
• Bibliography
List of all the materials that have been
consulted while writing an article or a
book.
• References
Those that have been referred to or
referenced in your article or book.
22. Style of writing references
• Vancouver style
• APA style
• Other style: Harvard style, Chicago
style, etc
23. • Vancouver style- journal
Math SB, Chandrashekar CR, Bhugra
D. Psychiatric epidemiology In
India. Indian Journal of Med.
Res.2007;12(2):182-92.
Burn N, and Grove SK. Understanding
Nursing Research-Building an evidence
Based Practice. 4th ed. St. Louis:
Saunders Elsevier;2005
24. • APA Style
Burn, N. and Grove, S.K.(2007).
Understanding Nursing Research:
Building an evidence Based Practice. (4th
ed). St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier
25. Research utilization
• Research utilization is the process by which
scientifically produced knowledge is
transferred to practice.
26. Barriers to research utilization
• Barriers related to nurses
• Barriers related to organization
• Barriers related to research
• Barriers related to communication
27. Barriers related to nurses
• Lack of knowledge, authority, time,
money, confidence, motivation and
resources.
• Unawareness about current research
findings
• They are inflexible and unwilling to change
• Value of research is not known
• Peer pressure
• Overwhelming patient load
• Inability to understand the technical
language.
28. Barriers related to organization
• Access to journals, and research
sources is limited
• Lack of funds to support the research
findings
• Administration and physician does
not support
• Lack of time and facilities are inadequate.
• No generalization of findings
29. Barriers related to research
• Lack of standard and quality literature
review
• Lack of complete knowledge of research
process
• Inadequate scientific basis to carry out
the research.
• No replication of research.
• Fast publication is lacking
• Lack of clinical applicable recommendations
• Methodological inadequacies
30. Barriers related to communication
• Lack of collaboration
• Lack of presentation of findings to
nurses in clinical setting
• Lack of publication in clinical nursing
journals.
• Implications for practice are not made
clear.
• Research reports are not readily
available.
• Not reported clearly
31. Strategies to facilitate utilization
of nursing research
• Development of specialized research
department
• Design educational programme before
implementing research utilization
concept
• Develop reward system for nurses
• Organize continuing education events.
• Administrative support
• Open communication channels
• Change the attitude of nurses
