Third year presentation.

1. Sustainable
Manufacturing: turning
waste into co-products
Donotwasteyourcash,cashyourwaste!
CO-PRODUCT
WASTE
Samuel Bautista Lazo
sabala@liv.ac.uk
Supervisors: Dr. Tim Short and Prof.
KKB Hon.
Manufacturing and Laser Engineering
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Third year presentation
06 July 2011

2. Presentation Layout
1. Sustainability and the landfill challenge
2. State of the art solutions
3. Proposed approach
4. Plans for testing and validation
5. Summary

3. 1. SUSTAINABILITY AND THE
LANDFILL CHALLENGE
Figure 1. Accumulation
of economic value and
environmental impact
along the supply chain,
source: (Clift and
Wright 2000)
R. Clift and L. Wright, “Relationships Between Environmental Impacts and Added Value Along the Supply Chain,” Technological
Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 65, no. 3, 2000, pp. 281-295.

4. Commercial and industrial waste
•25% C&I Waste
reduction from
the 2004
baseline, current
levels are
estimated to
reach 62 million
tonnes.
Figure 2. Estimated waste outputs by sector in the
United Kingdom. Source: DEFRA.
DEFRA. Key facts about: Waste and Recycling.
http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/waste/kf/wrkf02.htm

6. 1970 – Industrial symbiosis appears in the
literature.
Industrial symbiosis “engages traditionally separate industries in a
collective approach to competitive advantage involving physical
exchange of materials, energy, water, and or by-products”.
(Chertow, 2000)
Chertow, M.R., Industrial symbiosis: Literature and taxonomy, in
Annual Review of Energy and Environment. 2000. p. 313-337.
Industrial symbiosis

7. Figure 2. An example of industrial symbiosis. Source: (Jacobsen 2006)
Jacobsen, N. B. (2006). "Industrial Symbiosis in Kalundborg, Denmark: A Quantitative
Assessment of Economic and Environmental Aspects." Journal of Industrial Ecology
10(1-2): 239-255.

8. Table 1. NISP achievements 2005-2010. Data source: www.nisp.org.uk

9. 3. PROPOSED APPROACH
+ Profit
- Loss
+
Product
- Non
Product
Figure 3. The all seeing
eye of business. Source:
(Bautista-Lazo and Short
2011)
Bautista-Lazo, S. and T.D.
Short, “Introducing the all
seeing eye of business: a
model for understanding the
nature, impact and potential
uses of waste”. Unpublished,
2011.

10. A general framework for waste elimination
 1. Waste identification
 2. Waste analysis
 Analyse the origins of waste: cause and type.
 Description and characterization of waste.
 Analyse the implications of generating waste (true cost, environmental
impact, corporate social responsibility issues).
 3. Waste elimination
 Design a waste elimination strategy for each level of action (Prevent,
minimize, remediate)
 Devise and implement an action plan to eliminate waste in each level of
action
 4. Waste monitoring
 5. Continuous improvement


11. Introducing the ATM of waste (Analyse, Transform
and Market)
T
A
M
IMPROVEMENT
INVEST?
A model based on the Deming
cycle for continuous
improvement: Plan, Do, Study.
(Deming, 1986)
Deming, W. Edwards (1986). Out of the Crisis. MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study. ISBN 0-911379-
01-0.
Bautista-Lazo, S. and T.D. Short, “Introducing the ATM methodology for sustainable manufacturing: How to
analyze, transform and market unavoidable industrial waste”. Unpublished, 2011.
Figure 4. A model for the ATM of waste.
Source: (Bautista-Lazo and Short,
2011)

12. ATM methodology
Analyze:
Analyze the waste in order to identify a value adding capability as a co-product.
What purpose or function can the waste provide given its state and structure?
What would be the performance of this function, given the waste’s state and structure?
Can the waste’s state/structure be improved?
Transform:
Design a production process to transform waste input into the desired co-product output.
Is the transformation process (waste to co-product) technically and economically feasible?
Is the estimated production price competitive in the market place?
Is there a business case for investment?
Market:
Identify and analyze the market potential for the desired co-product.
Is there a market need for a co-product with such function?
Who are the customers and possible competitors?
What are the customer needs, requirement s and expectations?
Is there a market opportunity for such a co-product?

13. Tools for the ATM of waste
Store
Combine
ExtractReplace
Function
Incorporate
Structure
State
Perfor-
mance
Purpose
A tool based on the PSSP
language introduced by
Pohjola (2002) into the
literature of waste
management.
Pohjola, V.J. and E. Pongrácz, An approach to the formal theory of waste management. Resources, Conservation
and Recycling, 2002. 35(1-2): p. 17.
Bautista-Lazo, S. and T.D. Short, “Introducing the ATM methodology for sustainable manufacturing: How to
analyze, transform and market unavoidable industrial waste”. Unpublished, 2011.
Figure 5. Roulette of the fundamental uses of
waste. Source: (Bautista-Lazo and Short, 2011)

14. 4. PLANS FOR METHODOLOGY
TESTING AND VALIDATION
A framework for the methodological rigor for case
study research is provided by Yin (2009)
 Internal validity: Research framework based on
the all seeing eye of business.
 Construct validity: Data triangulation. Interview
managers and shop floor employees. Archival
data.
 External validity. Purposeful selection of multiple
case studies, approximately 5.
 Reliability: Case study protocol
R.K. Yin, Case study: design and methods, Sage Publications 2009.

15. 5. SUMMARY
TESTING AND VALIDATION: Case study research

16. THANK YOU.