It is an analysis of strength and weakness of an organisation by establishing the quantitative relation among the items of Balance Sheet or Income Statement of such an organisation
2. It is an analysis of strength and
weakness of an organisation by
establishing the quantitative relation
among the items of Balance Sheet or
Income Statement of such an
organisation
3. Purpose/Importance/Advantages
• Analysis of financial Position
• Simplification of Accounting Figures
• Assessment of Operational Efficiency
• Determining Trends in the long-run
• Identification of Strength & Weakness
• Comparison of Performance
4. Limitations of Ratio Analysis
Based on Historical Data
Change in Real Value of Monetary Unit
No Standard Interpretation
Difference in Accounting Methods make
comparison difficult
5. Classification of Ratios
A. Liquidity Ratios
B. Solvency Ratios
C. Activity Ratios
D. Profitability Ratios
E. Shareholders' Ratios
7. 1) Current Ratio
Relation between current assets and
current liabilities
Long Term Sources Financing the
Current assets give a stable base for the
liquidity of the organisation
Normally , the ratio should not be less
than 2 i.e., the current assets should be
double the size of current liabilities
9. 2) Acid Test Ratio/Quick Ratio
It is the ratio between quick assets and quick
liabilities
Quick assets include current assets except
inventory and pre-paid expenses
Quick liabilities include current liabilities
other than bank overdraft
A 1:1 ratio is healthy
Healthy indicator of cash management
11. 3) Working Capital Turn-over Ratio
Shows the efficiency of usage of
working capital
Relation between Sales and Working
Capital
Determination of number of times the
working capital is turned over to achieve
the maximum profit
13. B) Solvency Ratios
Measure long-term liquidity ratio
Reflect the ability of the firm to pay interest
and repayment of loans at due dates on the
long-term loans taken
Avoidance of over-borrowing (over-leverage)
Avoidance of bankruptcy by maintaining
healthy solvency ratios
14. Types of Solvency Ratios
1)Interest Coverage Ratio
2)Debt-Equity Ratio
3)Debt to total funds ratio
4)Proprietary Ratio
15. 1.Interest Coverage Ratio
Interest Coverage Ratio =
Profit before tax and interest (PBIT)
Interest Charges
This ratio indicates whether the business
earns sufficient profit to pay periodically
the interest charges.
16. 2.Debt-Equity Ratio
This ratio attempts to measure the relationship between
long term debts and shareholders funds . its other
words , this ratio measures the relative claims of long
term creditors on the one hand and owners on the
other hand on the assets of the company .
17. 3.Debt to total funds ratio
This ratio shows the relationship between
debts and funds employed in the business.
Debt
Total funds
Debts to Total Funds Ratio =
18. 4.Proprietary Ratio
This is a variant of debt equity ratio. It measures the
relationship between shareholders’ funds and total
assets
19. C) TURNOVER/ACTIVITY RATIOS
1.Inventory turnover ratio
2.Debtors turnover ratio
3.Fixed assets turnover ratio
4.Working capital turnover ratio
5.Capital turnover ratio
6.Creditors turnover ratio
20. 1.Inventory turnover ratio
This ratio is calculated by dividing the COGS by
average inventory.
This ratio thus establishes the relationship between
the cogs during a given period and the average of stock
carried during the period.
21. 2.Debtors turnover ratio
The term debtors includes trade debtors and bills
receivable . doubtful debts are not deducted from
debtors. Moreover, debtors that do not arise from
regular sales should be excluded, e.g. a bill receivable
from buyer of an old plant and machine should be
exclude.
22. 3.Fixed assets turnover ratio
This ratio indicates the efficiency with which the firm is
utilizing its investment in fixed assets such as plant and
machinery land and building etc.
23. 4.Working capital turnover ratio
This ratio indicates the efficiency or
inefficiency in the utilization of working
capital in making sales
Sales (or cost of sales)
Net working capital
=Working capital turnover ratio
24. 5.Capital turnover ratio
This ratio shows the relationship between cost of
sales(or sales) and the total capital employed.
cost of sales (or sales)
total capital employed
Capital turnover ratio =
25. 6.Creditors turnover ratio
This ratio also known as payable turnover
ratio, measures the relation ship between
credit purchases and average accounts
payable.
Net credit purchases
Average accounts payable
Creditors turnover ratio =
26. D. Profitability Ratios
1) Net Profit Ratio
2) Gross Profit Ratio
3) Return on Total Assets
4) Return on Equity