Terms for 10th grade U.S. History unit on World War I with period images of weaponry, combat, home-front propaganda, etc.

1. the war
to
end all wars

2.  During Imperial Age, European nations
sought power through acquisition of colonies
 Countries competed with each other for relative power
 They began to get paranoid about their neighbors—If a war
broke out, would they be strong enough to survive?
 Nations began to look for ways to ensure their security

3.  Policy of aggressively building up a nation’s
armed forces in preparation for war

4.  Secret treaties or
informal
understandings
between nations
that promised they
would side
together in the
event of war

6.  Bosnian-Serb terrorist and nationalist who
assassinated Franz Ferdinand

7.  Heir to theAustria-
Hungarian throne. His
assassination was the
spark that ignited the
war.

8.  A strategy where a country seeks an
advantage by creating the impression that
they are willing and able to push a situation
to the point of war in order to get their
demands

9.  The readying of troops for war

10.  A statement, especially in diplomatic
negotiations, that expresses or implies the
threat of serious penalties if the terms are not
accepted

12.  German leader duringWorld
War I. He declared war on
Russia and invaded France.

13.  The group of nations that opposed the
Central Powers; originally consisting of Great
Britain, France and Russia and later joined by
the U.S., Italy and others

14.  The group of nations--led by
Germany,Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman
Empire--that opposed the Allied Forces

16.  German plan of attack to avoid a 2-front war:
first quickly take out France, then focus
troops on Russia

18.  German war crimes
committed during the march
through neutral Belgium on
the way to Paris

19.  Early in the war when both sides tried to
outflank each other; resulted in a front line of
trenches over 200 miles long

21.  A form of warfare where opponents occupy
static (non-moving) fighting lines, especially
fortified trenches in the ground.

26.  Area between the two opposing lines of
trenches

27.  Formed a barrier to attacking soldiers
attempting to cross no man's land

28.  First used by Germans in 1917; one of several
poison gases used during the war

30. Machine Guns

33.  a.k.a. The "Red Baron," a
German fighter pilot who
shot down 80 enemy planes
and commanded the Flying
Circus

34.  A situation in which neither side can gain the
advantage

35.  Battle fatigue; a range of behaviors brought
on by exposure to combat and acute
psychological stress
The
“Thousand-
yard stare” --

36.  The organization of
entire societies for
war in a
social, economic, a
nd even spiritual
sense.

37.  A war that is won by slowly wearing down the
enemy through prolonged casualties and loss
of resources

39.  U.S. President duringWorldWar I

40.  Foreign policy of neutrality and non-
involvement
 Wilson made a declaration of neutrality just
days into the war

41.  An effort to cut off food, supplies, war material or
communications from a particular area by force
 England used their powerful navy to cut off Germany
 Some estimate 750,000 Germans died of starvation

43. •After war
began, U.S.
traded even
more with Allies
•U.S. economy
boomed from
supplying Allies
with war
materials and
extending credit

45.  German submarine (Unterseeboot)
 Germany began targeting merchant ships

46.  British passenger ship sunk off coast of
Ireland by German submarine; 128 Americans
dead, led to U.S. outrage

47.  Wilson issues warning to Germany
 He affirms Britain’s right to blockade
Germany but demands Germany
stop attacks on ships
 Secretary of State,William Jennings
Bryan, resigned in protest of U.S.
non-neutrality

49.  At breaking point from blockade
 Germany makes calculated tactical decision
 Declares they will attack without warning
after all
 Figure they can win war with unrestricted
submarine warfare before the U.S. could
enter

51.  Telegram intercepted by British
intelligence
 German ambassador asks
Mexico to enter the war on the
German side
 In return Germany promises to
help them recover territory they
lost in the MexicanWar
 Last straw forWilson

52.  A ruler with unlimited power
 Russian Revolution ends their autocracy
 Makes it easier for U.S. to justify war “to make
the world safe for democracy”
 Russia out of war, leaving France and Britain
vulnerable
 Wilson declares war on April 6, 1917

53.  American forces sent to Europe

54.  369th (Colored)
Infantry Regiment
integrated into the
FrenchArmy
 Received France's
highest combat
medal

55.  Act that authorized
the draft
 Draft began almost
immediately

56.  Made it illegal to oppose the draft

57.  Speech or actions meant to incite rebellion
against a government

58.  Made it illegal to
obstruct the sale of
Liberty Bonds or to
discuss anything
"disloyal" to the
U.S. government

59.  Anti-war activist who was arrested for
distributing pamphlets urging men to avoid
the draft.

60.  Established restrictions of freedom of speech
in cases of "clear and present danger"
Oliver
Wendell
Holmes

61.  Committee on Public Information aimed to
unite public opinion
 Published over 75 million pieces of printed
material
 Encouraged journalists to use “self-
censorship”

62.  75,000 volunteers recruited
by the Committee on Public
Information
 Gave 4-minute speeches in
support of the war effort
 Helped turn public opinion

63.  War Industries Board coordinated production
of military supplies
 NationalWar Labor Board pressured
industries to grant workers concessions in
return for not striking
 Other “War Boards” for
railroads, fuel, food, etc.

64.  Bonds sold to promote the war effort;
heavily-promoted by the government

65.  $23 billion by 1920
 Victory gardens
 MeatlessTuesdays and
WheatlessWednesdays
 Production of alcohol
restricted to conserve grain

66.  Shortage of
male labor led
to women
being hired to
do work
traditionally
done by men

67. Workers were
especially needed
to produce war
supplies

69.  Massive numbers of
African-Americans
also migrated North
for jobs previously
closed to them
 500,000 by 1920

71.  German names changed
 “Liberty sandwich,” “Liberty cabbage”
 Hot dog
I’m not a
frankfurter
Ja, du bist
ein
frankfurter

72.  Cease-fire
 November 11, 1918

73.  PresidentWoodrowWilson drafted
14-point plan for peace in 1918
 First presented to joint session of
Congress before war to justify
entry in moral terms
 Later presented atVersailles peace
conference after the war, but failed
to win approval of all 14 points into
final treaty
 Wilson advocated “Peace without
victory”

74.  No secret alliances
 Freedom of the seas
 Removal of trade barriers
(tariffs, etc.)
 Reduce military to just what’s
necessary to protect your own
country
 Let go of some colonies
 Create a League of Nations

75.  Treaty that
ended the
war
 June 28, 1919

76.  Countries at the
table:
*U.S.
*Italy
*France
*Great Britain
 Germany and
Russia excluded
 Everyone wanted
different things

78.  Payments from an enemy
for economic costs of war

79.  Germany humiliated:
--Charged with war crimes
--Forced to accept guilt for the war
--Must drastically reduce military
--Allow France to occupy the
Rhineland for 15 years
--Give up territory
--Pay reparations
 France wanted revenge and security against any future
German threat

80.  International body
proposed byWoodrow
Wilson to ensure peace
and stability after the war
through cooperation and
accountability
 Sentiment that the
horrors of modern
warfare was a beast that
must be tamed

81.  Congressional
approval of a bill
 Wilson tours
country making
speeches
 Instead of
appealing to
Congressmen, he
courts public
approval
 Backfires

82.  Congress fails to ratify
 League is weak without
U.S.
 Wilson in poor health;
collapses from stroke

83.  Would not accept U.S. membership in the
League of Nations, no matter what

84.  Would accept the League of Nations with
very specific (and numerous) reservations
Henry Cabot Lodge

85.  Poem written by British
poet and soliderWilfred
Owen, famous for its horrific
imagery of war
 Owen died in battle shortly
before the armistice
 WWI proved to be fertile
ground for artists who used
their art as a means of
coming to terms with the
horrors of modern warfare

86. DULCE ET DECORUM EST by
WILFRED OWEN
Bent double, like old beggars
under sacks, Knock-
kneed, coughing like hags, we
cursed through sludge, Till on
the haunting flares we turned
our backs And towards our
distant rest began to trudge.
Men marched asleep. Many
had lost their boots But
limped on, blood-shod. All
went lame; all blind; Drunk
with fatigue; deaf even to the
hoots Of tired, outstripped
Five-Nines that dropped
behind.
Gas! Gas! Quick, boys!---An
ecstasy of fumbling, Fitting
the clumsy helmets just in
time; But someone still was
yelling out and stumbling, And
flound'ring like a man in fire
or lime... Dim, through the
misty panes and thick green
light, As under a green sea, I
saw him drowning.
In all my dreams, before my
helpless sight, He plunges at
me, guttering, choking, drown
ing.
If in some smothering dreams
you too could pace Behind the
wagon that we flung him
in, And watch the white eyes
writhing in his face, His
hanging face, like a devil's
sick of sin; If you could
hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-
corrupted lungs, Obscene as
cancer, bitter as the cud Of
vile, incurable sores on
innocent tongues,--- My
friend, you would not tell with
such high zest To children
ardent for some desperate
glory, The old Lie: Dulce et
decorum est Pro patria mori.