Get idea regarding organ transplant

1. ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
1
A Concise
Presentation
By
Mr. Deepak Sarangi
M.Pharm

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
 TYPES OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
 TYPES OF ORGAN DONOR
 MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS
 STATUS IN INDIA
 LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
 QUALIFYING CONDITIONS
 CONTRAINDICATIONS
 TRANSPLANT REQUIREMENTS
 TYPES OF LUNG TRANSPLANT
 POST OPERATIVE CARE
 MISCELLANEOUS
 INFECTIONS AFTER TRANSPLANTATION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
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3. INTRODUCTION
Organ transplant is the moving of an organ from
one body to another, for the purpose of
replacing the recipient’s damaged or failing
organ with a working one from the donor site.
Organ donors can be living or deceased.
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4. HISTORY OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
 The first human organ transplant was a kidney transplant
performed in 1954. The recipient of the first heart
transplant, performed in 1967 by Dr. Christiaan Barnard,
lived only 18 days.
 The recipient lived for eight years following the transplant
and the surgeon who performed the transplant, Dr. Joseph
Murray, went on to win the Nobel Prize for this work.
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5. TYPES OF ORGAN DONOR
Persons after death.
Living persons to related patients.
Living persons to unrelated patients.
Brain death persons (cadaver transplant).
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6. MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS
People of all ages.
Any healthy willing persons.
Only one exception is that HIV and active cancer
patients cannot donate.
Donor blood group should match with recipient blood
group.
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7. STATUS IN INDIA
o In India around 6,000 people die every day waiting
for organ transplant.
o Every 17 minutes someone waiting for transplant.
o Every 30 minutes someone added to a waiting list.
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8. LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
Lung transplantation or pulmonary
transplantation is a Surgical procedure in which a
patient’s diseased lungs are partially or totally
replaced by lungs which come from a donor.
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9. HISTORY
James Hardy of the University of Mississippi performed
the first human lung transplant on June 11, 1963.
From 1963 to 1978, multiple attempts at lung transplant
failed because of rejection and problems with
anastomotic bronchial healing .
The first successful transplant surgery involving the
lungs was a heart-lung transplant, performed by
Dr.Bruce Reitz of stanford University in 1981 on a
woman who had idiopathic pulmonary hypertension.
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10. QUALIFYING CONDITIONS
A variety of conditions may make such surgery necessary. As
of 2005, the most common reasons for Lung transplantation in
the United states were.
27% Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD).
16% Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
14% Cystic Fibrosis.
12% Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension.
5% Alpha 1-antitrypsin Deficiency.
2% Replacing previously transplanted lungs that have since
failed.
24% Other causes, including Bronchiectasis.
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11. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Despite the severity of a patient’s respiratory condition,
certain pre-existing conditions may make a person
a poor candidate for lung transplantation.
 Concurrent chronic illness.
 Current infections, including HIV and hepatitis.
 Current or recent cancer.
 Current use of alcohol, tobacco or illegal drugs.
 Age.
 Psychiatric conditions.
 History of noncompliance with medical instructions.
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12. TRANSPLANT REQUIREMENTS
Requirements for potential donor
• Healthy
• Size match
• Age
• Blood type
Requirements for potential recipient
• End-stage lung disease.
• No other chronic medical condition.
• Acceptable psychological profile.
• Financially able to pay for expenses.
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13. Cont…….
Medical tests for potential transplant candidates
Blood typing
Tissue typing
Chest X-ray-PA and LAT
Pulmonary function tests
CT scan
Bone mineral density scan
 Gated cardiac blood pool scan
Cardiac stress test
Electrocardiogram
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14. TYPES OF LUNG TRANSPLANT
1. Lobe
2. Single-lung
3. Double-lung
4. Heart-lung
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15. PROCEDURE
 While the surgical details will depend on the type of Transplant,
many steps are common to all these procedures. Before operating
on the recipient, the transplant surgeon inspects the lung(s) for
signs of damage or disease.
 If the lung or lungs are approved, then the recipient is connected
to an IV line and various monitoring equipment, including pulse
oximetry. The patient will be given general anesthesia, and a
machine will breathe for him or her. A history of prior chest
surgery may complicate the procedure and require additional
time.
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16. POST OPERATIVE CARE
After the surgery immediately following care should be
give to the patient:
The patient is placed in an intensive care unit for
monitoring normally for a period of a few days.
The patient is put on a ventilator to assist breathing.
Nutritional needs are generally met via total parenteral
nutrition and by nasogastric tube is sufficient for feeding.
Chest tubes are put in so that excess fluids may be
removed.
Because the patient is confined to bed, a urinary catheter
is used.
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17. MISCELLANEOUS
Post-transplant patients are held from driving for the first
three months pending an assessment of the patients
capacity to drive .
Lack of a strong immune system leaves transplant
recipients vulnerable to infections.
Care must be taken into food preparation and hygiene as
gastroenteritis becomes more of a risk.
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18. INFECTIONS AFTER LUNG
TRANSPLANTATION
Common symptoms of infection include:
 Fever, chills, sweats.
 Sore throat.
 Productive cough.
 Increased fatigue.
 Swelling, pain or redness around incision or drains.
 New drainage from the incisions.
 Headache.
 Shortness of breath.
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19. HOW TO PROTECT YOURSELF FROM
INFECTIONS AFTER LUNG TRANSPLANT
Preventing infection is mostly common sense. Protect yourself
by following these simple guidelines:
 Wash your hands with soap and water often to remove bacteria
and viruses.
 When you cough or sneeze, use tissues, dispose of them
immediately, and wash your hands.
 If someone you know has a cold or the flu, avoid close contact.
 Avoid stagnant water because it too harbors bacteria.
Wear a respiratory mask in crowded public areas and hospitals.
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20. CONCLUSION
In recent years, the science of organ transplantation has
gotten better. Unfortunately, there are not enough organ
donations for everyone who is in need.
Organ donors are needed to save thousands of lives
every year. agreeing to donate organs does
not affect the quality of care
a person receives. Transplantation processes start only
after the donor is no longer living.
The decision to donate organs is yours. If you
decide become an organ donor, put it in your
advance health directives and make sure your family
and health care agent know about your
decision. 21

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